Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns a yellow plant from Yemen used for dyeing, particularly for cosmetics and clothing. It extends to the color yellow itself, the act of dyeing with this plant, and the resulting dyed items. It also describes a state of being covered in algae or moss, leading to a greenish hue.

This root primarily concerns subtle, hidden, or internal sounds and speech. It extends to the concept of whispering, inner thoughts, and by extension, the insidious suggestions of Satan.

This root primarily concerns the concept of crushing, breaking, or pounding, often associated with intense conflict or hardship. It extends to describe the intensity of battle, a type of oven or cooking pit, and the act of treading or trampling.

This root primarily describes soft, yielding sandy terrain where one can sink. It also extends to concepts of being seasoned or experienced through hardship, and a specific gait or manner of travel for camels, often associated with speed and extended strides.

This root primarily concerns the concept of scabies or a contagious skin disease, often used metaphorically for something foul or undesirable. It also extends to meanings related to criticism, reproach, and a low or base class of people.

The root وكس (w-k-s) primarily denotes deficiency, reduction, or loss. This applies to various contexts including material value, price, and even personal fortune or health. It can also refer to specific astronomical or astrological phenomena.

This root primarily concerns treachery, deceit, and betrayal. It also extends to meanings of speed, particularly in the context of a camel's gait, and can refer to a wolf.

The root 'w-m-s' primarily relates to the concept of friction, rubbing, or contact that causes abrasion or wear. It extends metaphorically to describe a woman's loose morals and promiscuity, likened to a lack of firmness or integrity.

The root 'وهس' primarily relates to intense pressing, crushing, or stepping on something. It extends to meanings of severe eating or sexual intercourse, and also encompasses rapid or forceful walking. Figuratively, it can refer to evil, slander, and gossip.

The root 'w-y-s' primarily relates to expressions of pity, endearment, and sometimes misfortune or poverty. It is often used as an interjection, particularly towards children, conveying gentleness or mild reproach.

This root primarily concerns the concept of despair, hopelessness, and the loss of hope. It also extends to the meaning of knowing or learning, particularly in certain dialects and classical interpretations of scripture.

This root primarily concerns the state of being dry, desiccated, or withered, contrasting with moisture or freshness. It extends to concepts of hardness, severity, and even a lack of vitality or goodness in people and things.

This root primarily relates to the prophet Elijah (Ilyas) and, by extension, a specific disease associated with him. It also touches upon a historical figure and a metaphorical use of the disease name.

This root primarily concerns the act of gathering, collecting, or earning, often with a sense of effort or accumulation. It extends to the idea of people coming together or assembling.

This root primarily concerns inciting conflict, causing discord, and the compensation or 'blood money' for injuries. It extends to the idea of a dispute arising from a defect in a sold item, linking the concept of incitement to that of a settlement or indemnity.

This root primarily denotes activity, liveliness, and eagerness. It encompasses concepts of enthusiasm, approachability, and cheerful disposition. It can also refer to physical movement and the state of food.

This root appears to relate to a specific tribe or group, possibly of Jinn or Arabs, known as 'Banū Uqaysh'. Their name is associated with a particular type of camel.

This root primarily concerns variations in color, particularly speckled or mottled patterns. It extends to describe mixed colors, spots, and dappled appearances in animals, and metaphorically, in people, plants, and even abstract concepts like groups or time.

This root appears to relate to the concept of recovery or regaining consciousness, particularly after illness or a period of stupor. It describes the act of waking up or becoming alert again.

The root برقش (barqash) primarily relates to the concept of being variegated, speckled, or adorned with various colors. It extends to meanings of fleeing, scattering, and also describes specific places, animals, and even a legendary dog and woman, often associated with proverbs.

This root appears to relate to identifying or discerning something, possibly with a sense of uncertainty or ambiguity. It is primarily discussed in the context of quadriliteral verb forms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of pleasantness, cheerfulness, and a welcoming disposition. It encompasses expressions of kindness, joy in meeting someone, and a radiant facial appearance. The root also touches upon the spiritual joy experienced by believers.

This root primarily concerns the concept of seizing, grasping, or striking with force and severity. It extends to actions of aggression, punishment, and even a strong attachment or clinging. The intensity of the action is a key semantic component.

This root primarily describes light, weak, or scattered rain. It can refer to the rain itself, the cloud producing it, or the effect of such rain on the land. It also signifies a small amount of something, particularly in the context of rain.

This root appears to be a rare or dialectal variant related to sitting or resting. It is primarily attested in classical poetry and lexicographical sources, with limited usage in modern Arabic.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of reaching for, grasping, or approaching something with eagerness, desire, or speed. It also extends to meanings of rushing into conflict, showing affection, or expressing joy and anticipation. Additionally, it relates to specific types of plants and their states, and can describe people with certain physical or emotional characteristics.

This root primarily describes a large, mixed group of people, often implying a lack of order or social standing. It can refer to a multitude, a crowd, or even the common folk and their families, sometimes with a connotation of being poor or numerous.

This root primarily relates to beautification and making something pleasing, particularly the face. It also encompasses geographical locations and a specific plant, which is a poison.

This root primarily describes a state of lightness, quickness, and perhaps impetuousness or flightiness. It can refer to a person's character or a swift movement.

This root appears to be related to the concept of gathering or collecting things. However, its usage is noted as highly unusual and potentially incorrect by classical lexicographers.

This root appears to be extremely rare, primarily functioning as a proper noun. Its meaning is likely derived from a reversal of another name.

This root primarily concerns the heart and soul, specifically their state of being, strength, or agitation, particularly in the face of fear or uncertainty. It also extends to the chest and a specific location.

This root appears to relate to the concept of shaving or being shaved, specifically referring to the hair on the legs.

The root جحش primarily relates to young animals, particularly the offspring of donkeys, and by extension, young children. It also extends to meanings of minor injuries like scratches, and to concepts of moving aside, defending, or struggling.

This root describes something that is large, stout, and powerfully built, particularly in its joints. It refers to a creature or person of considerable physical bulk and strength.

This root primarily describes things that are solid, strong, and large, often applied to elderly women, large animals, or rough textures. It conveys a sense of coarseness, heaviness, and advanced age.

This root appears to describe something that is solid, strong, and unyielding. It conveys a sense of robustness and firmness, possibly related to physical strength or a stubborn disposition.

The root جرش (jarasha) primarily relates to the act of rubbing or scraping rough surfaces against each other, often producing a sound. This concept extends to physical actions like scratching, grinding, and the resulting debris, as well as metaphorical uses related to hunger, intensity, and even specific locations and types of produce.

The root جشش primarily relates to the coarse grinding or crushing of grain, particularly wheat or barley. It also extends to describing a thick, coarse sound with a hoarseness, often associated with the throat or loud noises like thunder. Additionally, it can refer to a group of people moving together or a rough, elevated patch of land.

This root appears to describe something thin, tall, short, or ugly, often with negative connotations. It can refer to a person's physical description, a type of plant, or a general sense of meanness or baseness.

This root appears to relate to the concept of gathering or collecting things. It is noted as a Yamanite (South Arabian) term.

The root جمش (jamasha) primarily relates to subtle, hidden, or faint sounds and actions. It extends to meanings of gentle or playful physical contact like pinching or teasing, and also to the act of shaving or hair removal, particularly with depilatory substances. The root can also describe barren land or a destructive drought.

This root primarily relates to concepts of elevation, ascent, and approach, often driven by fear or urgency. It also encompasses meanings of roughness, harshness, and a specific type of gathering or coming together.

This root primarily concerns the act of preparing to cry or bursting into tears, often triggered by distress, longing, or fear. It also extends to the idea of moving towards someone or something with such an emotional state, or a general sense of approaching.

The root 'جوش' primarily relates to the chest or breast, and by extension, the middle or core of something, particularly the night. It can also refer to a specific tribe or place.

This root primarily describes states of agitation, boiling, surging, and overflowing. It extends to emotions like anxiety and fear, as well as physical phenomena like boiling liquids and overflowing water bodies. It also encompasses the concept of an army or troops.

The root 'حبش' primarily relates to the concept of gathering, collecting, and assembling. It is also strongly associated with the people of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and terms describing dark complexion or dark-colored things, possibly due to historical interactions and perceptions.

This root primarily relates to intense or prolonged looking, and secondarily to gathering or assembling.

This root primarily describes smallness in body or stature, often combined with a sense of quickness, agility, or spiritedness. It can also refer to a gathering or a commotion, and is used as a tribal or personal name.

The root 'حرش' primarily relates to inciting, provoking, or agitating, often with negative connotations of causing strife or conflict. It also extends to the act of hunting or trapping, particularly a lizard, by trickery or disturbance. Additionally, it encompasses physical attributes like roughness or texture, and certain types of plants and animals.