Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to relate to the concept of a hunter's net or trap, specifically a covering or screen used in hunting.

This root primarily concerns the act of speaking, often in a minimal or hesitant way. It can also denote quick movement or a frowning/unpleasant facial expression. The root is frequently used in negative constructions to indicate silence or lack of speech.

This root primarily relates to light and illumination, specifically through lamps or torches. It also extends to describe a broad spearhead and a proper name.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being small, insignificant, or contemptible. It describes something or someone as being of little value or importance, often in a derogatory sense.

The root نجس (n-j-s) primarily concerns impurity, filth, and contamination, both physical and spiritual. It extends to concepts of uncleanness, disease, and even superstitious practices like amulets.

The root 'نحس' primarily relates to misfortune, ill-omen, and hardship. It extends to concepts of dust, cold wind, and even a specific type of smoke. Derived terms also touch upon natural disposition and the act of espionage.

The root نخس (nakhs) primarily relates to the act of prodding, poking, or spurring, often to incite movement or action. It extends to describe specific physical conditions in animals, tools used for repair, and metaphorically to instigation or provocation.

The root 'nd-s' primarily relates to subtle, hidden, or stealthy actions and perceptions. It encompasses concepts like hidden sounds, keen understanding, stealthy movement, and probing or poking.

This root primarily discusses a type of date and a place name. It also touches upon the origin of these terms, suggesting they might not be purely Arabic.

This root primarily concerns the narcissus flower, a well-known and beautiful plant. It also touches upon variations in its pronunciation and classification within Arabic lexicography.

This root primarily concerns the concept of moving swiftly, driving, or urging something forward. It extends to meanings of dryness, scarcity, and persistence, as well as the idea of a remainder or remnant. It also encompasses notions of seeking information, slander, and a creature resembling humans.

This root appears to be a loanword, possibly referring to a specific object or concept whose exact meaning is obscure. Its usage is primarily found in classical texts, particularly in comparisons.

This root relates to elevated land formations, specifically hills or mounds. It can also describe a woman who is disobedient or rebellious, possibly stemming from the idea of standing apart or being elevated.

This root primarily concerns expertise, meticulousness, and thoroughness, particularly in specialized fields like medicine. It also extends to concepts of being discerning, fastidious, and even investigative, like a spy.

This root primarily concerns the state of drowsiness, sleepiness, and light sleep. It extends to related concepts like heaviness of sleep, the act of dozing off, and even metaphorical uses for things that are sluggish or inactive, such as markets or camels.

The root 'نفس' (NFS) primarily relates to the concept of the soul, spirit, or self. It extends to encompass breath, life, essence, and even the physical body. Additionally, it carries meanings related to envy, the eye, and the act of breathing or exhaling.

The root نقس (naqasa) primarily relates to writing and ink, but also extends to concepts of criticism, defect, and the striking of a bell, particularly the Christian bell. It also encompasses the idea of a drink becoming sour.

The root نكس (n-k-s) primarily denotes the act of turning something upside down, inverting it, or causing it to fall. This core meaning extends to concepts of reversal, relapse, decline, and a downward inclination, particularly of the head.

This root primarily concerns the corruption or spoiling of substances, particularly fats and pleasant-smelling things. It extends to concepts of deception, secrecy, and hiddenness, often associated with cunning or stealthy actions. It also refers to specific animals and a divine messenger.

This root primarily concerns the act of biting or seizing with the front teeth, often in the context of eating or attacking. It extends to descriptions of animals that bite and individuals who are lean or thin, as well as a specific type of bird.

The root نوس primarily relates to the concept of swaying, oscillating, or dangling. This movement is often associated with things hanging loosely, such as hair, branches, or even the movement of animals. It can also extend to the idea of being unsettled or agitated, and metaphorically to the act of residing or dwelling.

This root primarily concerns the concept of something occurring or being placed in the mind or heart, often as a sudden thought, idea, or suspicion. It can also refer to a horse, a faint sound, or a state of confusion. Some derived terms relate to food or dough.

This root appears to describe a person who is rough, uncouth, and ill-mannered. It focuses on negative personal characteristics related to social behavior and temperament.

The root 'هجرس' primarily refers to the young of a fox, but its usage extends to encompass foxes in general, and by extension, it can be used metaphorically to describe a base or ignoble person. It also has a less common association with monkeys.

The root HDS primarily relates to the act of driving away, repelling, or scolding someone. It also has a specific meaning in Yemeni dialect referring to a type of tree.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of young animal, particularly a cub or whelp. It is used to describe the offspring of a leopard and is associated with a specific poetic usage.

The root هرس (hrss) primarily denotes crushing, pounding, or grinding something, often with a tool or by applying force. This core meaning extends to concepts of breaking, destroying, and even to the preparation of food, specifically a pounded grain dish. It also encompasses related ideas of intensity, severity, and persistence, particularly when describing animals like lions or camels.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being large or substantial, particularly in a physical sense. It describes something or someone as being weighty or significant in size.

This root primarily relates to strong, fierce, or aggressive animals, particularly lions. It also extends to concepts of hardness, firmness, and potentially geographical locations or foreign names.

This root primarily concerns subtle, hidden, or quiet actions and sounds. It encompasses speaking to oneself, concealing speech, indistinct or unintelligible talk, and soft, rustling, or whispering sounds made by various things like jewelry, armor, or even movement at night. It also extends to a specific type of quiet or continuous movement, and a way of driving sheep.

This root appears to relate to the concept of breaking or shattering something. It is noted as being of uncertain authenticity.

This root appears to relate to concepts of taking or seizing, and also to large military forces. It also has a specific verb form indicating recovery from illness.

This root appears to describe negative character traits, specifically bad temper or disposition. It is also used to refer to certain wild animals, possibly due to their perceived aggressive or unpleasant nature.

This root appears to describe something that is strong, robust, or solid. It is primarily used to denote a strong or sturdy individual.

This root primarily concerns wasting away, emaciation, and severe illness, particularly consumption (tuberculosis). It also extends to concepts of weakness, faintness, and secrecy, especially in relation to speech and laughter.

The root 'هلبس' (hlbs) appears to be related to the concept of something small, insignificant, or absent. It is primarily used in negative contexts to denote a lack of anything substantial, whether it be a person, adornment, possessions, or even clouds.

This root appears to describe something hidden, stealthy, or secretive, particularly in relation to animals like wolves. It also extends to the idea of being a persistent or intrusive presence.

This root describes something or someone as intensely strong, robust, or severe. It is primarily used for people and camels exhibiting great physical power or a harsh disposition, and also for extreme hunger.

This root appears to describe something base or low in character, and also something strong or powerful, particularly when referring to a camel. The meanings seem to diverge significantly.

The root همس (h-m-s) primarily denotes quietness, secrecy, and subtlety, particularly in sound and movement. It extends to concepts of whispering, stealthy walking, and even subtle actions like chewing or the quiet movement of animals.

This root appears to relate to strength and robust physicality, specifically in the legs and in the manner of walking. It is primarily associated with a strong-legged individual who walks with great force.

This root appears to relate to seeking out information or news, and also to a term for something base or ignoble.

This root primarily relates to estimation, measurement, and engineering, particularly concerning water channels. It also extends to describing someone as knowledgeable, experienced, or bold, with one usage linking it to a lion.

This root primarily relates to intense or forceful movement, often associated with nighttime activity, boldness, and aggression. It also extends to meanings of destruction, severe eating, and a type of madness or mental agitation.

This root primarily relates to concepts of measuring, taking, moving, and acting forcefully or destructively. It encompasses terms for bulk measurement, rapid movement, and aggressive actions like trampling or raiding. It also includes specific nouns for tools, insects, and descriptive adjectives for bravery and thoroughness.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of sensing, feeling, or hearing something subtly, often with an implication of apprehension or fear. It extends to the idea of listening intently for faint sounds and also encompasses the abstract notion of time.

This root primarily concerns the concept of covering or spreading over, particularly in the context of vegetation covering the earth. It extends to meanings of hiding, concealing, and also refers to flaws or defects.