Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes a type of venomous snake, characterized by its rough texture, loud sounds when moving, and aggressive nature. It also extends to describe a rough or harsh quality in general.

This root primarily describes a state of preparation for conflict, anger, or aggression, often accompanied by physical manifestations like bristling fur or feathers. It extends to a general readiness for action, particularly in a negative or confrontational context, and can also refer to specific animal behaviors.

This root primarily relates to places for relieving oneself, and secondarily to movement, rustling sounds, and burning.

The root حفش primarily relates to gathering, collecting, and bringing things together, often with a sense of intensity or abundance. This extends to concepts like heavy rain, overflowing water, and intense emotions or effort. It also encompasses terms for small, confined spaces and worn-out or damaged things.

This root primarily denotes injustice, oppression, and stubbornness. It can also refer to someone who is quarrelsome or deceitful in their dealings with others.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly non-standard, with limited attestations. It seems to relate to a specific type of bird, possibly a quail or a similar ground-dwelling fowl.

The root حمش (ḥmš) primarily relates to the concept of being thin, slender, or delicate, particularly in reference to limbs. It also extends to meanings of intensity, such as in anger or fire, and the act of gathering or inciting.

The root 'حنش' primarily relates to snakes and serpents, encompassing various types and their characteristics. It extends to the act of hunting or catching these creatures, and by extension, to driving or herding animals. Metaphorically, it can refer to someone of low or questionable lineage.

This root primarily refers to a proper name, 'Ḥanbash'. It also describes energetic, playful, or dancing movements, particularly associated with young girls in the desert, and can imply a lively or spirited individual.

This root primarily describes a large, formidable snake, often characterized by its swollen veins when agitated. It is also used to refer to a specific type of viper.

This root primarily concerns concepts of gathering, surrounding, and collecting, often in a wild or untamed context. It extends to notions of wildness, strangeness, and isolation, applying to both abstract concepts and tangible things like animals and plants.

This root primarily denotes fear, panic, and alarm. It describes a state of being startled, frightened, or agitated, often in response to danger or uncertainty. It can also refer to individuals or characteristics associated with such fear.

This root primarily concerns the act of gathering or collecting things from various sources. It extends to the idea of acquiring sustenance or provisions, and by extension, to people who are actively seeking to earn a living.

This root primarily concerns the act of scratching, tearing, or scraping, often superficially, affecting skin or surfaces. It extends to describe the resulting marks, the tools used for scratching, and metaphorically, the consequences of certain actions.

The root خرش (kharasha) primarily relates to scratching, tearing, and making marks, often with nails or sharp objects. It extends to concepts of collecting, earning, and inciting, as well as describing various hollow or flaky substances like eggshells, foam, and snake skins.

This root primarily deals with concepts of confusion, disorder, and spoiling. It extends to describe a state of commotion and the act of ruining or corrupting something, particularly written works. It also includes a botanical term for a fragrant herb.

This root appears to be related to specific locations or places. The primary derived lemma points to a named place.

This root primarily deals with the concept of damaging, spoiling, or defacing something, particularly written text or work. It implies an act of disfigurement or making something unclear and messy.

This root primarily concerns defects of the eye, specifically poor vision, smallness of the eye, or inflammation of the eyelid. It extends to describe weakness or dimness, and is metaphorically applied to animals and even abstract concepts like weakness in one's affairs. It also relates to nocturnal creatures due to their poor daytime vision.

The root خمش (kh-m-sh) primarily denotes scratching, scraping, or making shallow wounds, often on the face. It extends to encompass minor injuries, damages, or grievances that do not warrant severe retribution, and can also refer to small water channels or swarms of insects.

The root 'khansh' appears to relate to remnants, leftovers, or a lingering quality. It is used to describe remaining wealth, a trace of youth in a woman, or something that is left behind.

This root appears to describe someone or something characterized by excessive or restless movement. It is also used as a proper name.

This root primarily relates to concepts of leanness, emaciation, and reduction, often applied to the body or possessions. It also extends to meanings of lifting, inserting, and entering, as well as specific anatomical terms and types of belongings.

This root primarily concerns coarse, loosely woven fabrics, often made from flax or other fibers. It also extends to the act of extracting or emptying something from a container, and a sense of thinness or coarseness in texture.

This root primarily concerns the concept of locusts consuming vegetation, leading to a state of being eaten or stripped bare. It extends to describe a large, destructive flood and the remnants or residue of something.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being full of flesh or meat. It is also suggested that a masculine proper name might be derived from this root, with the 'm' being an additional letter.

This root appears to describe someone or something large, particularly with a prominent belly. It is used adjectivally to denote size and girth.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to a specific type of black leather.

This root appears to relate to concepts of intensity, strength, and possibly a type of camel. The primary derived term describes a strong camel, implying a connection to robustness and power.

This root appears to relate to the concept of recovery or healing from illness. It describes the state of being free from sickness and returning to health.

This root primarily relates to a type of food or meal, specifically a dish or porridge. It is discussed in relation to its preparation and consumption, with a debate on whether it's a distinct word or a dialectal variation of another term.

This root primarily relates to concepts of mixing, confusion, and sudden forceful action, often in the context of conflict or difficult circumstances. It also extends to descriptions of persistent effort and a specific personal name.

This root appears to relate to the concept of speed and haste. The primary derived words indicate moving quickly or rushing into something.

This root primarily relates to the concept of marking, engraving, or inscribing. It extends to describing speckled or spotted creatures, and metaphorically to causing discord or mischief. It also encompasses the act of looking intently or squinting.

This root relates to a state of agitation, boiling, or surging, often associated with heat or the effects of medicine. It describes a sensation or condition that rises to the head.

This root pertains to the act of looking or gazing, specifically with a narrowed or squinting gaze. It describes the manner in which someone's eyes are held or appear when observing something.

This root primarily describes the act of looking with narrowed or squinting eyes, often implying a hesitant or suspicious gaze. It can also extend to meanings of corruption or defect, possibly metaphorically derived from the visual defect of squinting.

This root primarily concerns states of being overwhelmed, bewildered, or stunned, often due to intense emotions like fear, astonishment, or infatuation. It describes a loss of mental clarity and composure.

This root appears to relate to deception, trickery, and cunning, particularly in a social or relational context. It describes the act of misleading or beguiling someone, often with a sense of playful or manipulative intent.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure, with its primary known usage relating to a specific action between a man and a woman.

This root primarily describes visual impairments, including darkness or dimness of sight, weakness in vision, and a constricted feeling in the eyes. It can also refer to a state of dizziness or being overcome by something.

This root primarily refers to a specific Arab tribe, the Banu al-Hūn, who were part of the Qārah clan. The entry details their lineage and alternative names.

This root appears to relate to the concept of abundance or excess, specifically in relation to hair. The primary derived term describes someone with abundant ear hair.

This root primarily describes things that are multicolored or variegated. It extends to describe plants that have sprouted leaves or fruits, and land or years characterized by abundant and varied vegetation.

This root primarily concerns the act of sprinkling or scattering, especially liquids like water, blood, or tears. It extends to describe light rain, the residue of such sprinkling, and also encompasses related concepts like a moist or tender state, and a specific type of camel's kneeling action.

This root primarily concerns trembling, shaking, and rapid, unsteady movement. It extends to concepts of haste, weakness, and even specific animals and places associated with these characteristics.

The root 'rfš' primarily relates to actions of scooping, shoveling, and eating heartily. It extends to concepts of abundance, enjoyment, and even sexual intercourse, as well as physical characteristics like wide ears.

The root رقش (rqsh) primarily relates to markings, spots, and patterns, often involving a mix of colors like black and white. It extends to concepts of writing, decoration, embellishment, and even subtle forms of communication like hinting or backbiting.