Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes fine, ground, or broken materials, particularly those related to agricultural produce like grain or dates. It also encompasses the concept of something being fine or powdery, often used metaphorically.

This root primarily concerns the breast, specifically the female breast, but also extends to the male breast. It also encompasses related concepts like a person with a specific physical characteristic, a type of plant, and the act of wetting or nourishing.

This root primarily concerns foolishness, imbecility, and a lack of understanding. It also extends to the physical act of walking, particularly the unsteady gait of a child, and is metaphorically linked to foolish movement. Additionally, it has a less common association with spiders.

This root primarily discusses a specific type of date, with variations in its description based on size, ripeness, and texture. It also touches upon a related term for dates.

This root primarily concerns the bleating or crying sound made by sheep and goats, often associated with distress or specific situations like birth. It extends to figurative uses for emptiness or lack of any presence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of following, pursuing, or being in close succession. It also extends to the physical object used to support a cooking pot, and by extension, to concepts of steadfastness or being burdened.

This root appears to relate to concepts of wealth, abundance, and potentially travel or movement associated with such prosperity. It describes someone who is wealthy and possesses much.

The root ثني (th-n-y) primarily relates to the concept of bending, folding, or doubling. This extends to meanings of returning, repeating, and secondary or subsequent occurrences. It also encompasses terms for specific objects or actions involving bending, such as ropes, animal ages, and paths.

This root appears to relate to states of foolishness, emotional expression, and social interaction. It encompasses meanings of acting foolishly, blushing, engaging in argument, and playful banter.

This root primarily concerns the concept of staying, residing, or dwelling in a place for an extended period. It extends to notions of settling, lodging, and permanence, often implying a long-term or even permanent stay.

This root primarily concerns the concept of dwelling, residing, or being located in a place. It extends to meanings related to the place of dwelling itself, as well as objects or markers associated with temporary stays or guidance.

This root primarily deals with the concepts of covering, concealing, and holding or containing. It extends to meanings of repairing, biting, and even describes specific colors and types of military formations.

This root primarily describes the act of kneeling or crouching, often in a formal or adversarial context like litigation or submission. It also extends to meanings related to gathering, accumulating, or forming mounds, particularly of earth or stones, and metaphorically to the physical body or a group of people.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of staying in a place, taking a step, and destruction or uprooting. It also appears in personal and tribal names.

This root primarily concerns the concept of leaning, inclining, or bending, often due to weakness, age, or a specific direction. It also extends to the idea of something being overturned or emptied, particularly in the context of containers or hearts.

This root primarily relates to abundance, generality, and comprehensiveness, often associated with rain, gifts, and widespread impact. It also extends to concepts of sufficiency, necessity, and the passage of time, as well as specific terms for young goats and astronomical phenomena.

This root primarily concerns the concept of flowing, running, or moving, often applied to liquids like water and blood, but also to celestial bodies, ships, and animals. It extends to concepts of continuity, duration, and the process of growth or development, as well as acting as an agent or representative.

This root primarily relates to concepts of youth, early stages, and the crop or pouch of a bird. It encompasses terms for childhood, immaturity, and the anatomical part of a bird used for storing food.

This root primarily concerns the concept of recompense, reward, or punishment for an action. It extends to the idea of sufficiency, fulfilling an obligation, or paying off a debt. The root also encompasses the notion of taking over or acting on behalf of someone else.

This root primarily denotes hardness, dryness, and stiffness. It extends to concepts of aging, solidification, and a specific type of palm tree.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a light or flexible bow. It also extends to the idea of rejecting or turning away from something, particularly advice.

This root primarily relates to the concept of mud or thick substances, and by extension, to things that are gathered or accumulated. It also encompasses a specific type of beverage derived from grains.

This root primarily concerns concepts of clearing, revealing, and becoming visible. It extends to covering or enveloping, and also to ascending or overcoming. Additionally, it is used in place names and as names for horses.

This root primarily concerns the concept of swelling, protuberance, and physical form or size. It extends to the idea of gathering or coming together, and also refers to the visible outline or shape of something.

The root جني (j-n-y) primarily relates to the act of reaping, harvesting, or gathering, especially fruits and produce. It extends metaphorically to acquiring or earning something, often with negative connotations of sin, guilt, or incurring a penalty. The root also encompasses the idea of claiming or attributing something falsely.

The root جها (j-h-w/y) primarily relates to the concept of being exposed, uncovered, or open. This extends to physical openness like a clear sky or a wide opening, as well as metaphorical openness like a clear path or a revealed matter. It can also refer to the posterior or an exposed area.

This root primarily concerns concepts of space, emptiness, and interiority, extending to the sky, open land, and the inside of things. It also encompasses feelings of intense longing or distress, and sickness, particularly internal ailments. Furthermore, it relates to dislike, aversion, and the unsuitability of a place or its environment.

The root جيا (j-y-a) primarily relates to places where water collects, often stagnant or unpleasant. It also extends to a container for cooking pots and a specific place name.

The root حبا (ḥabā) primarily relates to concepts of closeness, approach, and connection. It extends to meanings of rising, overlooking, and extending, particularly in geographical or physical contexts. It also encompasses actions like crawling, moving slowly, and bestowing gifts.

This root primarily relates to concepts of binding, sewing, and fastening, particularly concerning the edges of fabric. It also extends to meanings of intense running, the residue or inferior part of something, and a type of dried fruit.

This root primarily concerns the action of throwing or scattering, particularly dust or earth. It can refer to covering something with such material or throwing it at someone. The derived forms often emphasize the act of heaping or piling up.

This root primarily concerns the act of throwing or scattering, especially earth or dust, often with connotations of rejection, dismissal, or a small, insignificant amount. It also extends to meanings related to small, scattered debris like chaff or straw.

This root primarily concerns the act of driving or urging animals, particularly camels, often accompanied by singing or calls. It extends to concepts of following, pursuing, deliberately seeking out, and confronting someone or something. It also encompasses notions of sticking to a place and the beginning or end of things.

This root primarily concerns the concept of decrease, deficiency, or reduction, often in a natural or gradual manner. It also extends to meanings of suitability, worthiness, and the act of seeking or aiming for something, as well as specific geographical locations and sounds.

The root حزا (ḥazā) primarily relates to foretelling, divination, and estimation. It encompasses concepts of predicting the future, interpreting signs, and making judgments based on conjecture. The root also extends to meanings of measuring, estimating quantities, and even to specific plants and geographical locations.

This root primarily concerns the act of sipping or swallowing small amounts of liquid, often with effort or slowly. It extends to related concepts like taking in sustenance, testing or probing something, and even to specific types of terrain where water collects.

The root حشا primarily relates to the concept of being inside, within, or a part of something, often implying proximity or a specific region. It extends to notions of exception, exclusion, and even indifference or detachment.

The root حصي (ḥaṣiya) primarily relates to small stones (حصى - ḥaṣā), their properties, and actions involving them, such as throwing. It extends metaphorically to concepts of counting, abundance, intellect, and even physical ailments.