Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily deals with the concept of 'or' as a particle of choice, doubt, or conjunction, exploring its various nuances and grammatical functions. It also touches upon related concepts like 'to pay' or 'to give back' and the name of a specific animal.

This root primarily deals with interrogative and conditional particles, often functioning as pronouns or adverbs. It encompasses words used to ask 'which' or 'who', express conditions, and in some cases, convey exclamation or emphasis. The root also touches upon oaths and demonstrative particles.

This root primarily deals with the interrogative and relative pronoun 'which' or 'who', often used in questions, conditions, and relative clauses. It also encompasses the vocative particle 'O' and related interjections, as well as the concept of a 'sign' or 'miracle'.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a sign, wonder, or miracle, often with divine connotations. It also extends to meanings of stopping, lingering, and the brilliance or beauty of light and plants.

This root primarily concerns concepts of pride, arrogance, and boasting. It extends to meanings of greatness, excellence, and effort, particularly in the context of a camel's exertion or a poet's craft.

This root primarily concerns the concept of staying or residing in a place. It denotes a prolonged presence and establishment in a location.

This root primarily relates to the concept of flowing, trickling, or oozing, often associated with water or sweat. It also extends to describe soft, easy land and, metaphorically, abundant praise or fatness. A related meaning refers to ashes or remnants.

This root primarily relates to a specific tribe or group of people known as the Bija, and their geographical origin. It also extends to terms for camels attributed to this group and a place name associated with them.

This root primarily describes something that is soft, rotten, or hollow, particularly in the context of fruits or produce. It can also refer to a low-quality, moist type of fruit.

This root primarily concerns the concept of appearing, becoming visible, or emerging. It extends to the idea of showing something, revealing it, or making it manifest. Derived meanings include the initial stage of something, outward appearance, and a change of opinion or a new idea emerging.

This root primarily concerns vulgarity, obscenity, and foul language. It extends to describing someone with bad manners or a coarse disposition. It also includes a specific, less common usage related to a horse's name.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being familiar, intimate, or comfortable with someone, particularly in the context of a marital relationship. It describes a state of ease and pleasant companionship.

This root appears to relate to the concept of good manners, pleasant disposition, and refined character. It describes someone whose nature is inherently good and pleasing.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a spark or ember, and by extension, to thoroughness or completeness in an action, particularly in dealing with a debtor. It also appears as a place name.

This root appears to relate to the concept of remaining or staying in a place. It describes the act of settling down and establishing oneself in a location.

This root primarily discusses a large vessel for wine, often made of glass, that might sway or 'dance' due to its size and contents. It also touches upon a linguistic variation related to speed and delay.

This root describes the state of flesh being abundant, thick, and well-developed. It also extends to a grammatical function of emphasis or reinforcement, often used in conjunction with another descriptive word.

The root 'b-'-'a' primarily relates to borrowing, lending, and the act of acquiring or committing something, often with a negative connotation of offense or guilt. It also extends to the idea of seeking something, like a horse for a race.

The root بغا (baghā) primarily relates to injustice, oppression, and wrongdoing, stemming from envy. It extends to meanings of arrogance, boasting, and excessive movement, particularly in horses. It also encompasses concepts of intense rain, corruption in wounds, and the act of looking or waiting for something.

This root primarily concerns the act of crying, encompassing both the emotional state and the physical manifestation of tears. It also extends to the sounds associated with crying and the act of causing someone to cry.

This root primarily deals with concepts of distance, remoteness, and being lost or unknown. It also encompasses the particle 'balā' used as an affirmative answer to a negative question, and related place names and tribal affiliations.

The root بني (b-n-y) primarily concerns the concept of building, constructing, and establishing. It extends to familial relationships, specifically 'son' and 'daughter', and by extension, descendants. The root also encompasses notions of origin, foundation, and lineage.

The root بني (b-n-y) primarily relates to building, constructing, and establishing. It extends to concepts of fattening, forming, and physical structure, as well as the act of consummating a marriage.

This root primarily concerns concepts of spaciousness, openness, and vastness, particularly in relation to physical spaces like houses, land, and animal lairs. It also extends to abstract notions of abundance and magnificence, and conversely, emptiness and neglect.

This root primarily concerns a calfskin or imitation used to comfort a mother camel whose offspring has died. It also extends to the young camel itself, and metaphorically to foolishness or a desolate place.

This root appears to relate to the concept of preceding or surpassing someone, particularly in a race or competition. It describes the act of getting ahead or being faster than another.

This root appears to relate to concepts of destruction, ruin, and perishing. It can also denote a curse or malediction, wishing such an outcome upon someone or something.

This root appears to relate to the uppermost part of something, specifically the crown or top of a palm shoot. It is used metaphorically to describe the prominent features of an animal's nose.

This root pertains to the dry, flaky outer layers or husks of dates. It describes the material itself and potentially its state of being.

This root primarily discusses a specific type of menstrual discharge and a verb related to delaying or procrastinating in work. The noun 'tarriyah' refers to a subtle discharge seen by a woman after her period, indicating purity, and is distinct from actual menstrual flow.

This root appears to relate to actions of playing, bothering, and treating someone with contempt. It describes interactions between individuals, particularly in a context of jesting or causing annoyance.

This root appears to describe a sound or utterance, specifically related to the act of urging or calling an animal, like a donkey. It is associated with a repetitive vocalization.

This root appears to be related to the concept of injustice or wrongdoing. It is primarily used in classical Arabic to describe the act of being unjust or oppressive.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of running, leaping, and casting or throwing. It also extends to meanings associated with the early stages of milk and the passage of time during the night.

This root primarily describes the act of suppressing or struggling to contain laughter, often implying an attempt to hide it. It also carries a secondary meaning related to perishing or destruction.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of creature, possibly a desert animal, and its characteristics. It also touches upon linguistic analysis of word origins and potential inversions.

This root primarily concerns the concept of fearing God and acting piously. It encompasses the act of fearing, the state of piety, and the person who embodies these qualities. The root also touches upon the idea of protection and guarding oneself.

This root primarily deals with concepts related to neglect, abandonment, and disengagement, particularly from intellectual pursuits or social obligations. It can also extend to meanings of association or equality in certain contexts.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being singular, alone, or individual. It extends to meanings of being unique, unmixed, or unrepeated. It also encompasses ideas of going directly or purposefully, and in its derived forms, it can refer to destruction, loss, or a specific duration of time.

This root primarily deals with feminine demonstrative pronouns and their diminutive forms. It relates to the feminine singular demonstratives 'this' and 'that', specifically their diminutive or altered versions.

This root primarily concerns concepts of damage, destruction, and injury, particularly through violence like killing and wounding. It also extends to the physical act of piercing or making holes, especially in leather for stitching, and metaphorically to mending or resolving serious disputes.

This root primarily concerns concepts of gathering, collecting, and assembling. It extends to meanings of permanence, constancy, and steadfastness, as well as forming groups or parties. It can also relate to praise and commendation.