Mukhtarus al-Sihah (Al-Razi, d. 666H)

This root appears to describe the act of gathering oneself or consolidating, particularly in preparation for an action. It is primarily associated with animals, specifically a donkey, preparing to strike or charge.

This root primarily concerns the concept of gathering, collecting, or accumulating. It extends to describe a large crowd of people, a mound of earth formed by accumulation, and the act of consolidating information.

This root primarily concerns deviation, injustice, and acting unfairly. It extends to concepts of neighboring, seeking protection, and even describes intense natural phenomena like thunder or a strong animal.

The root جهر (j-h-r) primarily relates to openness, visibility, and loudness. It encompasses concepts like seeing something clearly, speaking loudly, and making something manifest. It also extends to meanings of clearing out wells and encountering people unexpectedly.

This root primarily relates to oaths and strong affirmations, often used to emphasize truthfulness. It also extends to meanings of heat, intensity, and specific building materials.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ink and writing, but extends to encompass the idea of beauty, adornment, and improvement. It also relates to traces, effects, joy, and honor, as well as specific terms for scholars and a type of bird.

This root describes something that is short or stunted in stature. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote a person or animal of short build.

This root appears to relate to concepts of thickness, stoutness, and swelling, particularly in the context of physical attributes or emotional states like anger.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being lost, cunning, and significant misfortune. It describes a type of sand dune that causes disorientation and refers to a cunning person or a great calamity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of giving or providing, often in small amounts. It also extends to meanings of securing, sufficiency, and experiencing something, particularly food.

This root primarily describes the formation of small, red pustules or bumps, particularly on the eyelids or skin. It also extends to the granulation of liquids like date syrup and the appearance of unripe date clusters.

The root حجر primarily relates to the concept of prohibition, restriction, and enclosure. It extends to encompass physical barriers, sacred or forbidden things, and the act of preventing someone from acting. It also denotes specific places, parts of the body, and abstract qualities like intellect.

The root حدر (ḥdr) primarily relates to concepts of gathering, coming together, and density. It extends to meanings of descent, speed, swelling, and specific anatomical features like the pupil of the eye.

This root describes a state of extreme leanness and emaciation, particularly in female camels. It conveys the idea of flesh drying up, bones becoming prominent, and a gaunt appearance.

This root primarily concerns the concept of caution, vigilance, and wariness. It encompasses actions related to being alert, avoiding danger, and the state of being fearful or prepared. It also extends to terms for intimidation and specific geographical or personal names.

This root primarily relates to the edges, sides, or extremities of something. It can also extend to encompass the entirety or totality of a thing, often used metaphorically.

The root حزر (ḥzr) primarily relates to estimation, conjecture, and selection. It encompasses the act of guessing or estimating the quantity or quality of something, and by extension, refers to the best or choicest part of something. It also has specific applications to dairy products and the description of young, strong boys.

The root حسر (ḥsr) primarily relates to the concepts of uncovering, revealing, and exhaustion. It extends to meanings of being exposed, weary, and intensely longing. Derived terms also describe physical states like shedding feathers or hair, and a specific location.

The root حصر (ḥaṣara) primarily denotes restriction, confinement, and limitation. It encompasses concepts of being surrounded, constricted, or prevented from doing something, leading to meanings of scarcity, stinginess, and even speech impediment.

This root primarily concerns the concept of presence, proximity, and being settled or urban. It encompasses being present, attending, residing in settled areas (contrasting with nomadic life), and also relates to the act of running or hastening, particularly for horses.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being large or swollen, specifically in reference to the belly. It is used to describe a hyena due to its large stomach.

The root حظر (ḥaẓara) primarily relates to prohibition, restriction, and enclosure. It encompasses concepts of making something forbidden, protecting or confining something within an enclosure, and the state of being restricted or protected.

The root حفر primarily concerns the act of digging or excavating. It extends to related concepts like the resulting hole, the earth removed, and the time for excavation. It also encompasses metaphorical uses related to beginnings, returning to a previous state, and the condition of teeth.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being small, insignificant, or lowly, both in a physical and a metaphorical sense. It extends to the act of belittling, despising, or considering something or someone as minor.

This root primarily concerns the act of hoarding or monopolizing goods, especially food, with the intention of profiting from rising prices. It also extends to the concept of confinement or restriction.

This root primarily relates to the color red and things associated with it, including redness, blushing, and red objects. It also extends to concepts of intensity, harshness, and specific animals like donkeys and wild asses. Additionally, it encompasses tribal names and geographical locations.

This root appears to relate to architectural or structural elements, specifically arches and their construction. It also extends to describe a type of bow, possibly related to its curved shape.

This root appears to describe someone who is short and unattractive. It is a rare root with limited derived forms and usage.

The root حور (ḥ-w-r) primarily relates to the concept of returning, changing, and alteration. It extends to meanings of decrease, destruction, whiteness, and specific physical attributes like the whiteness of the eye or the appearance of certain objects. It also encompasses terms for offspring and social roles.

The root حير (ḥ-y-r) primarily denotes a state of confusion, perplexity, or being lost. It extends to concepts of gathering, accumulating, and being filled, particularly with water. It also encompasses specific geographical locations and temporal expressions.

This root primarily concerns knowledge, information, and news. It extends to concepts of testing, awareness, and the act of informing. Related meanings include specific types of land, plants, and even a portion of meat.

This root primarily deals with the concept of treachery, deceit, and betrayal. It encompasses the act of breaking faith and acting dishonestly towards someone.

This root describes things that are transient, fleeting, and do not endure. It encompasses phenomena that fade away, disappear, or are impermanent, often likened to illusions or ephemeral natural occurrences.

This root primarily concerns the concept of thickening, curdling, or becoming viscous, particularly in liquids like milk. It also extends to meanings of remaining, being left behind, or being inferior, as well as a state of being mixed or confused.

The root خدر (kh-d-r) primarily relates to concealment, seclusion, and darkness. It extends to meanings of staying put, being sluggish or numb, and also encompasses terms for darkness, night, and certain animals and places associated with these concepts.

This root primarily relates to sounds of flowing water and guttural noises, as well as the act of falling or dropping. It also extends to specific objects and actions associated with mills and low-lying areas.

This root primarily describes a physical characteristic of the eyes, specifically narrowness and smallness, often implying a squint or a peculiar way of looking. It also extends to describe a type of food, a disease, and various plants and their parts, as well as a gait.

This root primarily concerns loss, damage, and ruin. It extends to concepts of deficiency, perishing, and going astray, often in a commercial or existential context.

This root primarily deals with the concept of worthless, leftover, or inferior things. It extends to describing something as being of low quality or value, and the act of removing or purifying such undesirable elements.

This root primarily relates to the concept of constriction, narrowing, or being slender, particularly concerning the waist. It also extends to meanings of coldness, brevity, and physical actions like holding or walking closely.

The root خضر (kh-ḍ-r) primarily relates to the color green, verdancy, and freshness. It extends to concepts of lushness, youth, and vitality, but also encompasses related shades like dark green bordering on black, and even metaphorical uses for things that are lush or abundant, sometimes with negative connotations.

This root primarily concerns concepts of danger, risk, and peril. It extends to notions of precedence, value, and status, as well as physical movement like shaking or swaying, and the act of coming to mind.

This root primarily concerns the concept of protection, refuge, and safeguarding. It extends to related ideas of breaking trust, yielding to shyness, and even a specific type of plant.

This root appears to relate to specific types of legumes, particularly beans and chickpeas. It seems to be a limited root with few derived forms.

The root خمر primarily relates to covering, concealing, and intoxication. It extends to concepts of fermentation, hiddenness, and things that obscure or hide, including physical coverings and the effects of alcohol on the mind. It also encompasses social concepts like crowds and the act of hiding.

This root appears to relate to the hyena, and by extension, to a cunning or treacherous person. It also seems to have connections to the concept of being hidden or concealed.

This root primarily relates to a type of large knife or dagger. It also extends to describe a camel that is abundant in milk.

This root primarily relates to low, sunken, or weak states, encompassing geographical depressions, sounds of distress or weakness, and a sense of yielding or being overcome.