Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root describes the process of curdling or coagulating, primarily used for milk but also applicable to blood. It signifies a transformation into a thicker, solid state.

This root primarily describes a darkening or blackening, particularly of teeth, and by extension, the appearance of certain plants. It conveys a sense of discoloration or a specific visual characteristic.

This root primarily concerns dung, specifically animal dung, and its applications. It extends to describe the act of smearing dung for various purposes, including animal husbandry and even as a metaphor for a darkened mouth.

This root primarily describes a state of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied, often associated with extreme thinness, emaciation, or a watery substance. It can refer to the marrow of bones becoming thin and watery due to weakness, or to a watery discharge from the mouth.

This root primarily describes the roaring or loud, angry sound made by a lion or a fierce male animal. It extends to the concept of anger and aggression in humans, and metaphorically to enemies or a place of danger.

This root primarily describes the fine, downy fuzz or nap that appears on new cloth, particularly luxurious fabrics like silk. It extends to the idea of something being covered in such a fuzz, and metaphorically, to the entirety of something.

This root appears to be a proper noun referring to a specific geographical location. It is identified as a fortress or border town belonging to the Romans.

This root primarily describes characteristics of being coarse, rough, or large, often related to physical appearance, particularly hairiness. It also extends to descriptions of character and specific objects like stones and arrows.

This root appears to relate to specific types of stones or minerals, with one derived term describing a cunning and short man.

The root زجر primarily concerns the act of deterring, forbidding, or restraining someone or something. It extends to concepts of warning, driving animals, and even divination through observing birds.

The root زحر (z-h-r) primarily relates to the act of exerting oneself with effort, often accompanied by groaning or strained sounds. This exertion can be physical, emotional, or related to childbirth and parsimony. It also extends to specific medical conditions and a violent action.

The root زخر (zakhara) primarily denotes abundance, overflowing, and swelling, often applied to water bodies like the sea or wadis. It can also describe things that are full, tall, or abundant, such as plants, or even abstract concepts like pride or a strong spirit.

This root primarily relates to the concept of coming or returning empty-handed, often in a negative or disappointing context. It also touches upon anatomical terms and a specific Quranic reading.

This root primarily describes scarcity, thinness, and sparseness, particularly concerning hair, feathers, or vegetation. It extends to meanings of bad temper, ill-breeding, and even sexual intercourse, with specific place names and a type of fruit also derived from it.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of arrow or dart. The primary derived term describes this object.

This root primarily relates to the color saffron, a yellow dye, and by extension, things that are dyed with it or resemble its color. It also extends to metaphorical uses, such as describing a lion's color or a specific horse.

The root 'زغر' primarily relates to the concept of abundance, excess, and overflowing. It also appears in place names and personal names, with some debate about their etymological origins.

This root primarily relates to the concept of totality or encompassing everything. It also extends to specific types of wild animals and a particular type of plant.

The root 'زفر' primarily relates to the act of breathing deeply, exhaling forcefully, and carrying or bearing a load. It extends to concepts of fullness, intensity, and support, encompassing physical actions, animal sounds, and metaphorical strength or leadership.

This root appears to be a variant or dialectal form of the root صقر (ṣaqr), primarily referring to a falcon or hawk. It is presented as a linguistic variation rather than a distinct semantic field.

The root زكر primarily relates to the concept of filling, particularly containers like waterskins. It extends to the idea of abundance or fullness in a more abstract sense, such as a child's stomach. Derived terms also include specific types of containers and a proper name.

This root primarily concerns making sounds, particularly musical ones, and by extension, spreading news or speaking. It also extends to terms for musical instruments, specific types of sounds (like those of ostriches), and even negative connotations like prostitution or being a fugitive. Additionally, it encompasses terms for groups of people and physical descriptions.

The root 'زمخر' primarily relates to hollowness, largeness, and intensity. It describes large hollow objects like musical instruments and bones, as well as intense states like anger and fullness. It also extends to concepts of abundance and speed, particularly in relation to arrows.

This root primarily relates to intense cold, often personified or used metaphorically for extreme conditions. It also extends to expressions of intense anger, characterized by reddened eyes, and can describe a shining or intense light.

This root primarily relates to the concept of binding, girding, or tightening, often associated with belts or sashes. It extends to meanings of filling, intensifying, and focusing, as well as describing small, numerous things like insects or pebbles.

This root primarily relates to concepts of largeness, heaviness, and intensity, often applied to objects, people, and insects. It also extends to meanings of swiftness and agility, and specific geographical locations and plants.

This root primarily relates to concepts of narrowness, constriction, and difficulty. It also extends to descriptions of physical shortness and a haughty, strutting gait.

This root primarily describes a specific gesture involving the thumb and index finger, often associated with denial or a lack of possession. It also extends to describe the resulting sound or a physical mark related to this action or fingernails.

This root appears to be related to a specific, possibly foreign, term for a fingernail clipping. The primary derived term is identified as such, with variations noted.

This root pertains to the act of intense staring or looking fixedly. It describes the physical manifestation of such a gaze, often implying protrusion or bulging of the eyes.

The root زهر (z-h-r) primarily relates to the blooming or flowering of plants, representing their beauty, radiance, and freshness. It extends to concepts of brightness, whiteness, and splendor in various contexts, including physical appearance, celestial bodies, and even abstract qualities like joy and fulfillment.

The root 'زور' primarily relates to falsehood, deception, and idols or false gods. It extends to concepts of leadership, strong effort, and specific places or objects, often with a negative or deceptive connotation.

This root primarily relates to containers for liquids, specifically large jars or vats. It also extends to devices used for restraining or controlling animals, particularly horses and camels, and by extension, signifies a means of restraint, protection, or control in a broader sense.

The root سءر primarily relates to the concept of 'remainder' or 'what is left behind' of something, whether it be food, drink, or even youth. It extends to the idea of leaving something behind intentionally or unintentionally, and by extension, to the remaining part of a whole.

The root سبر (s-b-r) primarily relates to testing, examining, and discerning the inner reality or depth of something. It extends to understanding one's condition, appearance, and even lineage, as well as physical attributes like coolness and the quality of goods.

This root primarily describes elongation, stretching, and extending, often associated with movement, speed, and a proud or majestic gait. It also extends to descriptions of physical stature, such as being tall and robust, and can describe animals exhibiting these qualities.

This root relates to a camel's spiritedness, its energy, and its vigorous movement. It describes the intensity and liveliness of a female camel, particularly when it displays its vigor through its gait and tail movements.

The root سبكر (sbkr) primarily relates to the concept of being straight, upright, well-proportioned, and fully developed. It extends to descriptions of youth, plants, hair, and even the act of lying down or flowing.

This root primarily concerns the concept of covering, concealing, and hiding. It extends to notions of modesty, chastity, protection, and even abstract concepts like intellect and a shield.

The root سجر primarily relates to the concept of filling, overflowing, and intense heat or burning. It extends to meanings of flowing, being abundant, and also encompasses terms for companions, specific gaits of animals, and physical characteristics like eye color or a horse's color.

This root primarily relates to brightness, intensity, and expansion. It describes things that are luminous, intensely burning, or visibly spread out. It also extends to concepts of length and height, particularly in relation to structures or time.

The root سحر (saḥara) primarily relates to magic, sorcery, and enchantment, often involving deception and illusion. It extends to concepts of trickery, persuasion, and the manipulation of perception. Additionally, it encompasses the time of pre-dawn, the act of eating before dawn, and certain internal organs like the lungs and liver, often metaphorically linked to fear or excess.

This root primarily relates to the concept of enchantment, magic, and sorcery. It also extends to meanings associated with the early morning, and certain types of plants.

This root appears to relate to the concept of falling or stretching out, particularly in a prone position. It describes a sudden, face-first fall or a state of being extended.

This root primarily describes rapid movement, speed, and abundance, often in the context of running, speaking, or natural phenomena like rain. It can also denote spaciousness or extensiveness.