Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of mocking, ridiculing, or making light of someone or something. It extends to the idea of subjugating, making something subservient, or compelling it to work without pay, often implying a lack of free will or agency. It can also refer to something that is easily moved or obedient.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of tree known as 'sakhbar'. The tree is characterized by its drooping branches when mature. Metaphorically, the root is used to describe treachery and a lack of steadfastness, likening it to the tree's yielding nature. It is also associated with snakes.

The root سطر (saṭara) primarily relates to the concept of writing, lines, and rows. It extends to meanings of arranging, forming lines, and by extension, to concepts of falsehood, baseless talk, and even control or authority over something.

This root primarily describes abundance, particularly of water in a well, and by extension, abundance in general. It can also refer to cheapness or a large quantity of something undesirable, like chaff.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of herb, commonly known as thyme. It also addresses variations in its spelling and its use in medical texts to avoid confusion with other words.

This root primarily relates to the concept of expulsion or banishment. It signifies the act of sending someone away or driving them out, often implying a forceful or definitive removal.

The root 'سفر' primarily relates to the concept of revealing, clearing, or becoming visible. It extends to meanings of travel, writing, and specific entities like angels or places.

This root primarily relates to the concept of overseeing, managing, or acting as an intermediary, often in trade or affairs. It extends to meanings of expertise, skill, and even the physical act of bundling goods.

This root primarily relates to intense heat, burning, and scorching, often associated with the sun or hellfire. It also extends to concepts of distance, harshness, and negative character traits like cursing and lying.

This root primarily deals with place names and descriptions of extreme height or length, particularly in relation to people and animals.

The root سكر (sakara) primarily relates to intoxication, stupor, and loss of senses, whether from drink, emotion, or sleep. It extends to concepts of blockage, stillness, and even sweetness, particularly in derived forms.

This root primarily relates to the color brown or dark, and by extension, to nocturnal activities and certain animals or groups associated with darkness or a dark complexion. It also encompasses concepts of conversation and specific historical or tribal entities.

This root appears to relate to visual disturbances, particularly those associated with intoxication or fatigue. It also extends to descriptions of long, straight paths and confused states.

This root primarily concerns the role of an intermediary or agent in trade, particularly in selling goods. It describes the person who facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers, often acting on behalf of producers or bringing goods to market.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of hardness, rigidity, intensity, and extension. It is often applied to weapons like spears, but also to abstract concepts like darkness, matters, and even physical attributes like stoutness and distance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of tightness, narrowness, or constriction, extending to meanings of ill-temper, a cat, and various parts of a camel or armor.

This root appears to describe a man who is knowledgeable and skilled in a particular matter. It emphasizes expertise and mastery of a subject.

This root primarily relates to concepts of speed, boldness, and eagerness. It also extends to measurements, particularly a large type of measure, and to specific types of arrows, bows, and even a poet.

This root primarily discusses the name 'Sinmar' and its association with a famous proverb. It also touches upon the moon being called 'Sinmar' and a specific type of sleeplessness or thievery associated with the name.

The root سهر (s-h-r) primarily relates to the absence of sleep, wakefulness, and staying up at night. It extends to concepts of vigilance, sleeplessness caused by worry or pain, and metaphorically to things that are constantly active or exposed.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of well or water source. The primary lemma describes a name for such a feature.

The root 'س و ر' primarily relates to concepts of elevation, ascent, and intensity. It encompasses physical height (walls, high places), the intoxicating effect of wine, and metaphorical elevation (status, intensity of emotion or action). It also extends to concepts of surrounding, attacking, and specific items like bracelets and walls.

This root primarily relates to walls, enclosures, and fortifications, extending to concepts of surrounding or encompassing. It also encompasses terms for head coverings, hair roots, and a specific type of food.

The root شبر (sh-b-r) primarily relates to the concept of measurement, particularly the span of a hand. It extends to notions of giving, bestowing, and generosity, as well as physical stature and closeness. It also encompasses terms related to sexual intercourse and religious offerings.

The root شتر primarily relates to an inversion or turning outward of the eyelid, often causing a gap or split. It extends metaphorically to mean defect, blemish, or speaking ill of someone, and also appears in names and place names.

This root appears to be related to the concept of 'barley' or a similar grain. It includes variations in pronunciation and potential alternative etymologies.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of grain, possibly barley, and its identification. It notes a potential connection or distinction with another term that uses a different initial letter.

This root primarily relates to the concept of opening, particularly the mouth, and also denotes a specific geographical region along the coast of Yemen and Oman. It also includes terms for a type of bird and a narrow shore.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being tall or long. The primary derived lemma directly defines a tall person.

The root شخر (shakhara) primarily relates to the sound of snoring or heavy breathing, often associated with animals like horses and donkeys, but also applicable to humans. It can also refer to a rough or broken terrain, the beginning of youth, and a type of tree.

The root شخدر appears to be related to the concept of something being thick, dense, or substantial. It is primarily used to describe the texture or consistency of certain substances, particularly those that are viscous or gelatinous.

This root primarily concerns small, detached pieces, particularly of precious materials like gold and pearls. It extends to concepts of separation, scattering, and quick, energetic movement, often with a sense of readiness or preparation for action.

This root primarily relates to things that are near the sea, the sea itself, or things that grow in the sea. It also extends to concepts of something being worse than another, and the act of ruminating or bringing up food from the stomach.

The root شزر primarily relates to looking askance, with aversion, or sideways, often associated with anger or hostility. It also extends to concepts of twisting, difficulty, and hardship, particularly in the context of rope-making and challenging situations.

This root primarily relates to the act of sewing or stitching, particularly with wide stitches. It also extends to concepts of piercing, prodding, and a specific type of animal horn or growth. Additionally, it describes a visual phenomenon related to death and a physical characteristic of young antelopes.

This root primarily relates to fragments, pieces, or sharp, broken parts, often associated with mountains or stones. It also extends to describe a person of ill character.

This root primarily relates to knowledge, awareness, and perception. It extends to the concept of poetry, the growth of hair, and dense vegetation. Figuratively, it can also denote inner feelings or intentions.

This root primarily relates to hair, but extends to concepts of poetry, and names of stars and tribes. It also encompasses terms for games and specific individuals.

The root شعفر appears to be primarily associated with proper names, specifically female names and tribal lineages. It is also linked to a description of a specific type of woman or a lineage name.