Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to showing gentleness or kindness, and also to calling or summoning. It also has a specific meaning related to the head of a kohl applicator and a derived name for a type of bird.

This root appears to be related to the plant henna, specifically its color and appearance. It is also used metaphorically to describe the color of grapes and the water collected in rock formations.

This root primarily concerns vegetation, specifically pasture and fodder for animals. It encompasses all types of plants that grow from the earth and are consumed by livestock, distinguishing it from fruits eaten by humans.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of preparation, readiness, and intention, particularly for travel or action. It also extends to meanings of returning to a homeland, readiness for battle, and the straightening of a path.

This root primarily concerns a type of garment, specifically a tunic or shirt, often described as having a slit in the middle and lacking sleeves or a collar. It also extends to the act of dressing someone in such a garment, and metaphorically to carrying something on the shoulders.

This root primarily relates to the concept of settling, remaining, or being firm in a place. It encompasses ideas of dwelling, residing, and establishing oneself, often implying a sense of permanence or stability.

The root ءدب primarily relates to invitation, feasting, and the act of teaching or refining manners and character. It encompasses the concepts of hospitality, good conduct, and intellectual refinement, often associated with gatherings and the dissemination of knowledge.

This root primarily relates to concepts of intensity, strictness, and eagerness, often in the context of desire, hardship, or determination. It also encompasses meanings related to cunning, trickery, and strategic advantage, as well as physical attributes like leanness and specific objects or places.

This root primarily relates to concepts of constriction, scarcity, and unpleasant physical characteristics. It describes animals that do not ruminate, people who are short and stout, and periods of severe drought or hardship. It also extends to a water spout and a type of demon.

This root primarily concerns hair, specifically the hair on the pubic area and the hindquarters of animals. It also extends to the concept of abundant growth, like lush vegetation or thick wool.

This root primarily concerns the concept of reprimanding, admonishing, and blaming someone severely. It also extends to related ideas like questioning, being rejected, and includes several distinct nouns for specific items like a type of perfume, eggplants, and spears.

This root primarily concerns readiness, preparation, and equipment. It extends to the meaning of skins or hides, particularly before tanning, and can also refer to specific places.

The root ءوب (ʾ-w-b) primarily denotes the concept of returning, coming back, or going back. This encompasses physical return, returning to a place, and metaphorical returns such as repentance or a cyclical movement. It also extends to concepts like visiting at night, the setting of the sun, and the movement of animals.

This root appears to relate to the concept of returning or coming back. It is primarily used in classical texts to describe a person or thing that frequently returns, often in the context of a specific profession or characteristic.

This root appears to describe something short, stout, and broad, particularly in relation to a horse's build and gait. It conveys a sense of substantiality and powerful movement.

The root ببب primarily relates to the concept of being plump, full-bodied, or stout, often applied to young men or children. It also extends to terms for a nickname, a type of sound, and a concept of uniformity or equality.

The root 'بوب' primarily relates to the concept of a door, gate, or entrance. It extends to meanings of a path, a limit, a section, or a way. Figuratively, it can refer to a method, a characteristic, or even a specific place.

This root primarily relates to channels, conduits, and openings for water flow. It also extends to describe specific architectural features like spouts and small openings, and metaphorically to a gateway or a strategic point.

This root appears to relate to specific anatomical parts of a camel's udder and potentially place names. The derived terms describe parts of the udder and are linked to poetic descriptions.

This root primarily discusses a type of tree used for making bows. It also extends to describe a person or animal that is stout and well-built, drawing a comparison to the sturdy nature of the tree.

This root primarily concerns loss, ruin, and destruction. It denotes failure, perishing, and the state of being ruined, often used in curses or expressions of misfortune.

This root primarily concerns destruction, loss, and ruin. It extends to concepts of decline, failure, and the resulting state of being ruined or diminished. It also encompasses the idea of something becoming clear, well-trodden, or established, often metaphorically.

This root primarily relates to the concept of melting, dissolving, or being purified, particularly in the context of metals like silver. It also extends to describe the residue or trace left after such a process, and can refer to specific tribal or geographical names.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being large, robust, and well-built, particularly when describing animals like camels or horses. It can also extend to describing something as excellent or superior in its kind.

This root appears to be related to a specific place or location. The entry discusses the etymological origin of the 'ta' in the root, suggesting it is original.

This root primarily concerns 'earth', 'dust', and 'soil'. It extends to concepts of being covered in dust, poverty (likened to being close to the earth), and conversely, wealth (likened to abundant dust). It also encompasses related ideas like the ground, graves, and even age peers.

This root primarily relates to places, specifically valleys and locations, often with geographical significance. It also touches upon terms for a type of grain and a concept of being close or equal.

This root primarily deals with the concept of something being fixed, established, or firm. It can also extend to meanings related to dust or a bad servant, though these appear to be less common or specialized usages.

This root appears to relate to places, specifically two locations named Tar'ab and Tabar'a. The entry discusses the etymology of these names, suggesting the 't' is original.

This root primarily concerns fatigue, exhaustion, and weariness, stemming from exertion or hardship. It extends to concepts of being burdened, strained, or even broken and improperly healed.

This root primarily concerns concepts of corruption, defect, ruin, and impurity. It extends to describe something or someone that is spoiled, flawed, or morally/financially ruined, as well as periods of severe hardship like famine or drought.

This root primarily concerns young equines, specifically the offspring of a female wild ass. It also extends to terms for fighters and a specific tribal name, with some metaphorical uses for humans.

This root primarily describes the concept of being straight, upright, extended, and firm. It is often used to describe physical objects, paths, and even the posture of animals.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of tree, the pine tree. It is used to denote the tree itself and potentially related concepts, though the provided entry is very brief.

This root primarily concerns the concept of returning, repentance, and seeking forgiveness. It encompasses returning from sin to obedience, God's turning to His servant with mercy, and the act of offering repentance. It also extends to the noun for a coffin or ark.

This root primarily concerns the feeling of drowsiness, lethargy, and excessive yawning, often associated with fullness and a desire for sleep. It also extends to describe a specific type of tree found in arid regions.

This root primarily relates to the concept of sitting or settling down firmly. It encompasses the act of sitting with stability and permanence, often implying a deliberate and settled posture.

The root ثرب (th-r-b) primarily relates to fat, specifically the thin fat covering internal organs like the stomach and intestines. It extends metaphorically to concepts of blame, reproach, and criticism, as well as to a specific city name and related geographical terms.

This root appears to refer to a specific type of white linen clothing, possibly originating from Egypt. The terms are used to describe garments made from this material.

This root primarily concerns the forceful gushing or flowing of liquids, particularly water and blood. It extends to describe channels for water, large snakes, and certain creatures or plants, often with connotations of size, intensity, or danger.

This root primarily relates to the fox, its characteristics, and its habitat. It extends metaphorically to cowardice, stealth, and specific anatomical or architectural features resembling a fox's den or tail.

This root primarily relates to the discoloration and yellowing of teeth, often associated with age or neglect. It can also metaphorically refer to teeth that are sparse or have gaps.

The root ثقب (ṯ-q-b) primarily relates to the concept of piercing, penetrating, or making a hole. It extends to meanings of shining brightly, being prominent, and having sharp or penetrating insight. It also encompasses related ideas like ignition, the appearance of gray hair, and specific geographical or descriptive terms.

This root primarily concerns concepts of blame, criticism, and defect. It extends to meanings of rejection, expulsion, and physical deterioration or damage, such as broken teeth or worn-out objects. It also encompasses terms for specific types of plants, terrain, and even a proper name.

The root ثوب (thawb) primarily relates to clothing and garments, but extends metaphorically to encompass qualities, states, and the act of returning or repeating. It also signifies the call to prayer and voluntary prayer after a fard prayer.