Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root pertains to the imitation or imitation of sounds, specifically the bleating or crying sounds made by sheep or gazelles. It describes the act of mimicking these vocalizations.

This root primarily relates to striking with a stick or staff. It also has a secondary meaning of stretching or extending, particularly concerning ropes, though this usage is noted as a variant of another root.

This root primarily relates to concepts of being unrestrained, dissolute, or lacking in moral guidance. It also extends to meanings of being slow, stubborn, or acting as a mediator or instigator.

This root primarily relates to the act of sexual intercourse, specifically the penetration of the female by the male. It is often used in a direct and sometimes vulgar manner to describe this action.

This root primarily concerns the process of tanning hides and the resulting leather. It also extends to the idea of agreement or meeting someone, and metaphorically to the earth's surface.

This root primarily concerns the sound made by a cat, specifically its cry or meow. It also extends to the act of making this sound and related terms for the cat itself.

This root primarily denotes weakness, inability, and indecisiveness. It describes a state of being frail, hesitant, or lacking resolve, often in the context of early Islam or personal opinions.

This root primarily concerns the concept of rising, protruding, swelling, or emerging. It extends to concepts of elevation, growth, and even appearing or becoming prominent.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being struck by the evil eye, or intensely desiring something, often manifested through a piercing or covetous gaze. It also extends to the act of giving something to ward off such negative attention or to satisfy a craving.

This root primarily relates to the act of burying or immersing something in heat, like embers or fire, for cooking or preparation. It also extends to meanings of dislike, abundance, and visual phenomena like halos or colored streaks in the sky and meat.

This root primarily concerns inciting, instigating, and provoking others, often towards mischief or conflict. It also extends to carrying or impelling someone towards an action or state, and can metaphorically refer to one's ultimate disposition or fate.

This root primarily concerns the act of urging or driving an animal forward, often with a vocalization or gesture. It also extends to the meaning of lifting or raising something, though this usage is less common and sometimes considered a variant of another root.

This root primarily concerns scattered or isolated patches of vegetation, particularly grass or pasture. It can refer to individual plants or small, distinct areas of growth.

The root نكء (nak') primarily relates to irritating or reopening a wound, causing it to bleed or hurt again. It extends metaphorically to provoking or stirring up emotions, and also to defeating or overcoming an enemy. A secondary meaning relates to fulfilling or paying off a debt or obligation.

This root appears to relate to small insects, specifically young lice. The primary derived term refers to these tiny creatures.

This root primarily concerns the state of being not fully cooked or ripe, extending to a state of being unfulfilled or incomplete. It also encompasses the idea of fullness or satiety, particularly in the context of drinking or eating.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of bearing a heavy load with difficulty, or being weighed down by it. It extends to the idea of a star descending or setting, and by extension, the celestial phenomena associated with these descents, which were linked to weather patterns in pre-Islamic Arabia.

This root primarily concerns the concept of rising, moving, or setting out, often with connotations of effort or purpose. It extends to meanings of opposition, rivalry, and even misfortune or failure when the intended action is thwarted.

This root primarily deals with the concept of being raw, uncooked, or not yet ripe, particularly concerning meat and milk. It also extends to the meaning of being distant or separated, possibly as a metaphorical extension of something not yet 'cooked' or ready.

This root primarily relates to sounds of calling, specifically for animals like camels, and also to loud laughter. It encompasses the act of calling, the sound made, and the resulting state of the animal or person.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being alive or existing. It is a very brief entry, suggesting a limited usage or a focus on a specific aspect of existence.

This root primarily concerns the passage of time, particularly portions of the night. It also extends to the idea of something being worn out, torn, or broken, and in a verbal sense, to striking.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of hunger, satiation, and cessation. It also extends to the meaning of reciting or spelling out words, and fulfilling obligations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stillness, quietness, and calmness, applying to movement, sound, and even people's emotional states. It also extends to meanings related to death, physical conditions like a camel's hump or a person's posture, and the act of soothing a child.

This root primarily concerns the concept of cutting, severing, or destroying something. It extends to verbal abuse, corruption, and the act of excessive or erroneous speech.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of excess, particularly in speech, and intense cold or heat that can be deadly. It also extends to the idea of something being overcooked or spoiled due to these conditions.

This root primarily concerns mockery, ridicule, and derision. It extends to concepts of breaking or shattering, and in a classical context, to death or killing by cold. It also encompasses the idea of agitating or stirring something.

This root primarily concerns the tearing, ripping, or becoming worn out and falling apart, particularly of fabric. It describes the action of pulling something until it tears and the state of being old and tattered.

This root primarily concerns things that come easily, without hardship or effort. It extends to concepts of ease, well-being, and receiving something agreeably. It also encompasses meanings related to giving, providing, and sustenance, as well as treating or applying substances.

This root primarily concerns the state, condition, or manner of something, encompassing its form, appearance, and how it is prepared or made ready. It also extends to concepts of agreement, longing, and expressions of regret or surprise.

This root primarily concerns widespread disease, plague, and contagion. It extends to concepts of unhealthiness, toxicity, and the unsuitability of a place or water. It also has a secondary, less common meaning related to gesturing or signaling, particularly with the hands.

This root primarily concerns injuries to the body, specifically a bruise or contusion that affects the flesh or bone without breaking it. It can also refer to a dislocation or a sprain in a joint, and metaphorically, to a severe blow.

This root primarily concerns the act of striking or piercing, often with a sharp object. It extends to the castration or crushing of male animal genitalia to reduce sexual desire, and metaphorically to hindering or preventing something. It also encompasses a specific type of food preparation.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of leveling, making something even, and covering or engulfing. It extends to meanings of destruction, perishing, and the disappearance of something or someone, often in the context of the earth covering a deceased person.

This root primarily deals with the concept of being behind or in front of something, often related to what is hidden or concealed. It extends to notions of succession, descendants, and even fullness or being unaware of something.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of drying, preserving, and filling, often with a connotation of intensity or firmness. It also extends to descriptions of physical build and the act of making someone swear a solemn oath.

This root primarily deals with the concept of becoming dirty, soiled, or stained. It describes a state of uncleanness affecting objects, particularly clothing.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ritual purity and cleanliness, particularly in the context of ablution before prayer. It also extends to general beauty, comeliness, and good appearance.

This root primarily concerns the act of stepping, treading, or walking upon something. It extends to concepts of agreement, conformity, and even specific types of food preparations, often involving mashed or mixed ingredients. The root also features in discussions of poetic flaws related to rhyme repetition.

This root primarily concerns the concept of leaning, supporting oneself, or relying on something. It extends to the physical act of resting one's weight, often with the aid of a support like a staff, and metaphorically to relying on something for support or sustenance.

This root primarily concerns the concept of signaling or indicating, often with the head or hand. It also extends to meanings of deception, loss, and taking something away, sometimes with a sense of stealth or cunning.