Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root 'منذ' primarily concerns temporal prepositions and adverbs indicating a starting point in time. It explores variations in form and grammatical function, particularly the use of 'منذ' and 'مذ' and their relationship to 'إذ'. The discussion delves into their role as particles of meaning, their grammatical behavior (raising and lowering), and etymological theories.

This root primarily relates to deception and falsehood, but also extends to positive attributes like pleasantness, good character, and fine speech. It also has a specific meaning related to a type of honey.

This root primarily relates to the act of extracting or harvesting, specifically honey. It also extends to describe something soft, pliable, or easy, particularly in the context of armor or wine.

This root pertains to high-ranking judicial or religious officials, particularly within the Sasanian Persian context. It refers to a chief judge or a high priest, often associated with the Zoroastrian faith.

This root appears to refer to a specific group of people from India, akin to the Turks, who engaged in naval warfare against Muslims.

The root نبذ (nbdh) primarily denotes the act of casting away, throwing, or discarding something. This core meaning extends to concepts of rejection, abandonment, and even the creation of fermented beverages from fruits. It also encompasses notions of isolation, separation, and the beginning of something.

This root primarily concerns the rearmost teeth, specifically the molars or wisdom teeth, and by extension, the act of biting or gripping firmly. It also extends to concepts of experience, maturity, and steadfastness, often metaphorically linked to biting down hard.

This root primarily concerns the concept of passing through, penetrating, or going beyond a limit. It extends to ideas of execution, implementation, and effectiveness, particularly in relation to commands, decisions, and physical penetration.

This root primarily concerns the concept of rescue, salvation, and deliverance. It extends to the idea of something being saved or recovered, and also describes a horse that has been taken from others.

This root entry is extremely brief and appears to be a cross-reference. It identifies a well-known king associated with this root, suggesting that further information about him and potentially related terms can be found under a different entry (specifically, under the letter Dāl).

This root primarily describes rapid movement, specifically running or flying at a high speed. It encompasses the act of hastening and the state of being swift, applicable to both animals like horses and birds.

This root primarily denotes rapid cutting, severing, or slicing. It extends to rapid recitation or narration, and also signifies a sequence of actions, particularly cutting or drinking.

This root pertains to a specific title or rank, likely of Persian or Indian origin, referring to a type of priest or a distinguished person among the Magi or Hindus. It denotes a religious or learned figure associated with fire temples.

This root primarily describes a specific manner of walking, characterized by pride, arrogance, and a swaying gait. It is associated with the way high-ranking officials, particularly Persian governors, would walk, implying a sense of pomp and self-importance.

This root primarily denotes intensity, speed, and severity, particularly in motion, weather, and effort. It describes rapid movement, strong rain, and intense heat.

This root appears to relate to a severe or intense matter. The primary derived term signifies a difficult or serious affair.

This root primarily relates to a type of bird, specifically a female sandgrouse, and its name. It also extends to a plant and a personal name derived from the bird.

This root primarily describes a depression or pool that holds water, often found in mountains or rocky terrain. It can also refer to the stones used for cooking pots and, metaphorically, to something upright or prominent.

This root primarily denotes speed and swiftness, particularly in movement. It can also describe something that is long or extended, especially in a figurative or descriptive sense.

This root appears to relate to slowness or delay. The primary meaning discussed is that of being slow or lagging behind.

This root primarily deals with the concept of swiftness and speed in movement, particularly walking. It also extends to describing a person who moves quickly.

This root appears to relate to the concept of purity and whiteness, specifically in the context of something being clear and unblemished. It is primarily used to describe a pure white color.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ' إصلاح ' ( إصلاح ), particularly in the context of agriculture, specifically palm trees and crops. It extends to related ideas of management, cultivation, and the people involved in these tasks. Additionally, the root develops meanings related to stinging, piercing, and even gossip or slander.

This root appears to be related to a specific, possibly rare, term, likely a variant or inversion of another word.

This root primarily concerns the concept of leaving a trace, mark, or impression, whether physical or temporal. It extends to the idea of following something, prioritizing one thing over another, and also denotes specific times or conditions like scarcity or early morning.

This root primarily concerns compensation, reward, and wages for work or services rendered. It extends to concepts of hiring, renting, and even divine recompense or punishment. The root also encompasses related ideas like the dowry for a wife and the healing of broken bones.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'lateness', 'delay', and 'remaining behind'. It extends to notions of the 'last' or 'final' in sequence, time, or position, and also encompasses the idea of putting something off or postponing it. The root is frequently used in theological contexts, particularly in relation to God's attributes as the ultimate 'Last'.

This root primarily deals with the concept of being late, delayed, or remaining behind. It extends to notions of being last, inferior, or the final stage of something.

This root primarily describes a medical condition related to the scrotum, specifically a swelling or hernia. It also extends to describe a person afflicted with this condition and, metaphorically, to causing distress or harm.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of thorny branch used in a veterinary context for animal fertility, but it also extends to meanings related to sexual intercourse, haste, and even sounds associated with gambling.

This root primarily relates to concepts of surrounding, supporting, strengthening, and covering. It extends to meanings of clothing, particularly the lower garment (izar), and metaphorically to chastity, self-protection, and divine attributes. It also encompasses the idea of assistance and power.

This root primarily concerns concepts of exuberance, boastfulness, and excessive pride, often leading to recklessness or insolence. It also extends to physical descriptions like notches, serrations, or sharp edges, and includes the act of sawing or cutting wood.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of binding, restraining, and holding fast, often implying a sense of obligation or weight. It extends to physical restraint, such as tying or holding something in place, and metaphorical restraint, like covenants, burdens, or strong emotional ties.

This root primarily concerns the concept of bending, curving, or inclining something. It extends to notions of surrounding, enclosing, or forming a frame around an object, and metaphorically, to restraining or guiding someone towards something.

This root primarily concerns concepts of rapid movement, agility, and energetic action. It extends to include notions of intensity, hardship, and abundance, particularly in relation to animals and natural phenomena.

This root primarily relates to settling, confirming, and acknowledging something. It also extends to the concept of a place of settlement or a dwelling.

This root primarily concerns the act of digging or excavating, particularly in the context of creating holes or pits in the ground to collect water. It also extends to related agricultural terms like farmer and cultivation, and a game ball.

This root primarily concerns the concept of command, order, affair, and matter. It extends to the idea of leadership, authority, and the act of commanding or being commanded. Additionally, it encompasses meanings related to abundance, increase, and the occurrence of events.

This root primarily concerns the concept of command, order, and authority, extending to consultation, decision-making, and leadership. It also encompasses notions of abundance, growth, and auspiciousness, as well as specific meanings related to landmarks and the heart.

This root primarily relates to concepts of command, consultation, and the passage of time, particularly concerning specific days. It also encompasses terms for places, animals, and containers, with some derived words having debated origins.

This root primarily concerns the contents and furnishings of a house, encompassing household goods, clothing, and bedding. It can also refer to the general appearance or state of something, particularly a well-appointed dwelling.

This root primarily concerns intense heat, burning, and thirst, often associated with the sun and fire. It also extends to concepts of fear, fleeing, and specific geographical or personal names.

This root primarily concerns the concept of digging and wells, extending to related ideas of concealment, storage, and origin. It encompasses the physical well, the act of digging it, and metaphorical uses related to hidden or stored things, including the origin or source of fire.

This root primarily concerns the 'tiger' and related feline predators. It also touches upon the concept of being fierce or aggressive, often in relation to these animals.

The root 'بتر' (b-t-r) primarily denotes cutting, severing, or amputating. This core meaning extends to concepts of incompleteness, abrupt cessation, and being cut off, often with negative connotations of lacking goodness, lineage, or completeness.