Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns small eruptions or pustules on the skin, particularly the face. It extends to describe abundance, fullness, and sometimes scarcity or a remaining trace, with some specialized geographical and metaphorical uses.

This root describes rapid, energetic movement, particularly of horses. It conveys the sense of them running swiftly and eagerly, as if pursuing something or in a state of excitement.

This root primarily concerns the navel, specifically its protrusion or prominence. It extends to meanings of abdominal swelling, large belly, and by extension, significant or overwhelming matters, troubles, and even arrogance.

The root بحر (baḥr) primarily denotes 'sea' or a large body of water, often salty. It extends metaphorically to concepts of vastness, abundance, and depth, particularly in knowledge and generosity. Derived terms also relate to specific practices like marking animals and geographical locations.

This root primarily describes something short and compact in form. It also refers to a specific lineage or tribe, and things attributed to them.

The root بحثر (baḥthara) primarily relates to the act of scattering, disturbing, or thoroughly searching through something. It implies a vigorous mixing, overturning, or uncovering of contents, often with a sense of disorder or revelation.

This root appears to describe something that is solid, compact, or unyielding, possibly referring to a type of person or animal that is robust and not easily swayed or broken.

This root primarily concerns unpleasant odors, particularly bad breath, and by extension, any foul smell. It also extends to the concept of vapor or steam rising from liquids or heat, and by metonymy, to certain plants, places, and even atmospheric phenomena associated with these concepts.

This root primarily describes a proud, strutting gait, often associated with arrogance and self-admiration. It extends to describe individuals who walk in such a manner, and by extension, camels exhibiting a similar proud bearing. It also appears as a proper name.

This root primarily describes a state of turbidity or cloudiness, particularly in water or fabric. It conveys a sense of being thick, murky, or impure.

The root بدر (b-d-r) primarily relates to hastening, preceding, or arriving quickly. It extends to concepts of fullness, completion, and ripeness, particularly associated with the full moon. It also encompasses terms for specific physical features, emotions, and even places and people.

The root بذر primarily relates to the act of sowing seeds and the seeds themselves. It extends metaphorically to concepts of spreading, scattering, dispersing, and wasting, particularly concerning money and secrets. It also encompasses notions of offspring and the initial growth of plants.

This root primarily describes the act of scattering, dispersing, and fleeing, often in a sudden or panicked manner. It can apply to people, animals, or abstract concepts like hypocrisy.

This root appears to relate to the concept of scattering, dispersing, or separating. It is used to describe groups of people dispersing and also the non-dispersion of blood.

This root primarily concerns the concept of overcoming, conquering, or prevailing over something or someone. It extends to meanings of being superior, excelling, or being dominant. Secondary meanings include specific types of food, fruits, and the sound of certain animals or objects, as well as excessive or unproductive speech.

This root primarily relates to seeds, grains, and small particles, extending to concepts of prolificacy (children, offspring) and forceful actions like striking or expelling. It also encompasses tools used for specific tasks and terms for large or significant things.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'humanity' or 'mankind' as a collective, and also refers to the outer layer of skin, its appearance, and related actions like peeling or revealing it. It extends to descriptions of skin quality and the human form.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'skin' or 'surface' and extends to related ideas of appearance, health, and the visible aspects of things. It also encompasses the act of conveying good news, leading to senses of joy, gladness, and the initial signs of something.

This root primarily concerns the faculty of sight, vision, and perception. It extends to understanding, knowledge, insight, and clear evidence, often metaphorically. It also encompasses physical attributes like thickness and the appearance of certain natural phenomena.

The root بصر primarily relates to sight, vision, and perception. It extends to concepts of understanding, insight, and awareness. Additionally, it encompasses meanings related to specific types of land, stones, and even blood or atonement.

This root primarily deals with concepts related to the female genitalia, specifically the hymen or the state of virginity. It also extends to meanings of destruction, loss, and futility, particularly concerning spilled blood.

This root primarily concerns states of excess, arrogance, and insolence, particularly in the face of prosperity or good fortune. It also extends to meanings of astonishment, confusion, and even physical splitting or injury.

This root primarily concerns anatomical terms, specifically related to female genitalia and the clitoris. It also extends to describe physical features like protruding lips and, metaphorically, to concepts of waste or uncircumcised status.

This root primarily concerns camels, specifically mature ones, and their dung. It extends to related concepts like carrying loads and, metaphorically, poverty or a specific type of animal behavior.

This root primarily concerns the act of overturning, disturbing, or scattering something, often with the implication of revealing what is hidden within. It extends to the idea of agitation, upheaval, and bringing things out from a state of concealment or burial.

This root primarily relates to the concept of moving and shaking something, often to dislodge or clean it. It can also extend to the idea of excusing or offering a reason for something.

This root appears to relate to the concept of cutting or dividing something. It is presented as synonymous with another root, 'k-'-b-r, in its primary meaning.

This root primarily concerns the concept of excessive drinking, thirst, and the resulting ailments, particularly in animals like camels. It also extends to meanings related to heavy rainfall, the emergence of stars, and the preparation of land for cultivation.

This root appears to relate to specific, possibly obscure, terms. The primary meanings provided are highly specialized, referring to a stone used for sacrifices and a specific royal title or designation.

This root primarily relates to concepts of scattering, mixing, confusion, and internal disturbance or ill-will. It also extends to describe a weak, foolish, or heavy-tempered person.

This root primarily relates to being early, first, or young. It encompasses concepts of virginity, early maturity, precedence, and things that are new or unblemished. It also extends to specific applications like early-born animals, early-rising, and even tools used for drawing water early.

This root primarily relates to the concept of crystals and transparency, specifically referring to rock crystal. It also extends to describe a large, brave man, and a specific physical defect related to the eye.

This root appears to relate to a specific term for a great king of India. It is used as a proper noun or title, with examples referencing its application to historical figures and linguistic analysis.

This root primarily relates to merchants, trade, and wealth. It describes individuals involved in commerce, particularly those dealing with minerals, and also denotes someone who is wealthy.

This root primarily refers to the ring finger, the digit located between the middle finger and the little finger. It also encompasses the plural form of this term.

This root primarily concerns concepts of shortness, nobility, and accusation. It extends to physical attributes like heavy buttocks leading to breathlessness, and metaphorical accusations, including false claims of sexual acts.

This root primarily describes shortness, particularly in stature or length. It can refer to a short person or animal, and also has connotations of being insignificant or of low quality.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being unrefined, undeveloped, or lacking in maturity. It describes something or someone that is not fully formed or has not reached its potential.

This root primarily describes something large, great, or imposing, particularly in reference to camels, palm trees, and tall women. It can also denote a palm tree within reach.

This root primarily concerns concepts of destruction, ruin, perishing, and invalidity. It extends to meanings of failure, loss of value, and barrenness, particularly in economic contexts like market stagnation and uncultivated land. It also encompasses testing, trying, and experiencing.

This root primarily concerns the act of looking intently, focusing, or following something with one's gaze. It also extends to concepts of assistance, accompaniment, and a specific period of time.

This root primarily concerns raw, unworked precious metals, especially gold, in its fragmented or unrefined state. It also extends to the concepts of destruction, breaking, and ruin, often metaphorically linked to the fragmentation of materials.

This root appears to relate to abundance, multitude, and perhaps a dense or thick growth. It is primarily used in classical Arabic to describe a large quantity or a thick collection of things.

This root primarily concerns trade, commerce, and business transactions. It extends to the act of buying and selling, and specifically to the trade of wine, often with a negative connotation implying dishonesty or sinfulness in the context of trade.