Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily discusses the wild ass (onager), its characteristics, and its use in proverbs. It also touches upon related concepts like hunting and the idea of achieving a primary goal. Variations in pronunciation and spelling are noted.

This root primarily concerns the idea of tearing, splitting, or becoming worn out, often applied to fabric. It also extends to physical descriptions related to posture and protrusion, particularly of the chest or buttocks, and the act of striking someone's back.

This root primarily concerns the concept of spreading, becoming widespread, or manifesting. It can apply to abstract things like diseases, emotions, or matters of importance, indicating their expansion and prevalence.

This root primarily deals with the concept of tearing, cutting, and becoming worn out or decayed, particularly in reference to fabric.

This root appears to be related to feeding or giving food. However, its usage is disputed, with one scholar suggesting it's a misspelling of a word with a different root.

This root pertains to the concept of being flat-nosed or snub-nosed. It describes the physical characteristic of a nose that is short and broad, often with a turned-up tip.

This root primarily deals with concepts related to physical deformities, particularly of the back and nose, and by extension, actions involving striking, breaking, or causing something to collapse. It also extends to metaphorical meanings of falling back, delaying, or having a change in disposition or circumstances.

The root فقء (f-q-') primarily denotes the act of breaking, bursting, or splitting open. This applies to physical objects like boils, eyes, or even abstract concepts like a cloud releasing water. It also extends to meanings of rupture, eruption, and in a figurative sense, a lack of vitality or effectiveness.

This root primarily relates to abundance, plenty, and wealth. It describes a state of having a great deal of something, often material possessions or resources.

The root فيء primarily relates to returning, reverting, and shade. It encompasses the concept of shade that appears after the sun has moved, the act of returning to a place or state, and also refers to spoils of war or tribute obtained without direct combat. The root also extends to meanings of movement and swaying.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of low-growing herb or grass. It describes its physical characteristics and where it grows, distinguishing it from mountain vegetation. The term is also used analogously for other similar plants.

This root primarily concerns the plant 'qiththa', which is identified as a type of melon or cucumber. It also extends to describe places abundant with this plant and the state of being so.

This root appears to be related to qualities of being strong, firm, or resolute, particularly in animals like camels and horses. It can also describe negative traits like bad temper or a short neck, and positive traits like bravery or being stout.

The root قرء (q-r-ʾ) primarily relates to the concept of gathering, collecting, and assembling. This extends to the act of reciting or reading, as the Quran is seen as a collection of verses. It also encompasses the meaning of time, cycles, and periods, particularly in relation to menstruation and purity.

This root primarily describes a specific type of desert plant, its characteristics, and its growth habits. It details the appearance of the plant, including its flowers and leaves, and mentions its habitat.

This root appears to relate to a specific place name, 'Qusā'. The entry discusses its identification with another place mentioned in poetry, suggesting a geographical or topographical significance.

This root primarily deals with the act of speaking, saying, and uttering words. It encompasses various nuances of speech, including quoting, relating, and the very essence of what is said.

This root primarily denotes corruption, decay, and spoilage, often related to organic materials like water skins, eyes, or fabric. It can also refer to shame, defect, or a blemish, and in a less common sense, to eating or feeding.

This root primarily describes a phenomenon related to agriculture and weather, specifically when rain damages crops or plants. It also extends to the concept of redoing or reinforcing something, particularly in the context of crafting or sewing.

This root primarily concerns concepts of diminishment, humility, and being lowly, often associated with physical smallness or debasement. It also extends to meanings of abundance, fatness, and contentment, particularly in relation to livestock and fertile places, and can signify entering or residing in a place.

The root قنء primarily relates to intense redness, often associated with blood or ripe fruit. It can also extend to meanings of darkening, dying, or a place shielded from the sun.

This root primarily describes the act of gathering, crowding, or converging, often in a disorganized or overwhelming manner. It also extends to meanings of hesitation, cowardice, and speech impediment.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of plant, described as being similar to arugula and edible when cooked. It also notes an alternative name for this plant.

This root primarily describes the process of frothing, skimming, or rising to the surface, particularly in liquids like boiling pots or milk. It also extends to meanings of abundance, thickness, and growth in plants and hair.

This root primarily describes the state of plants affected by cold or drought, leading to stunted growth or wilting. It also extends to describe scarcity in animal hair and a specific observation about a crow's vocalization.

This root appears to describe things that are clustered, accumulated, or gathered together. It is applied to plants, hair, clouds, and even foam, suggesting a sense of density and cohesion.

This root primarily describes accumulated or piled-up things, particularly clouds. It also extends to the upper, dry shell of an egg and the act of boiling or skimming a pot.

This root primarily relates to cutting, severing, and consuming, particularly food. It extends to concepts of drying, peeling, and becoming full or bloated, as well as physical conditions like hardened skin or a peeling surface.

This root primarily concerns the truffle, a subterranean fungus, including its singular and plural forms, varieties, and the act of gathering or selling them. It also extends to meanings related to being barefoot, ignorance, and being aged.

This root pertains to hesitation, backing down, or failing to proceed with an action. It implies a sense of being held back or becoming weak in resolve.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of hesitation, timidity, and backing away from something due to fear or apprehension. It describes someone who is weak-hearted, cowardly, or who withdraws from a task or situation.

This root primarily concerns pearls, their brilliance, and related concepts. It extends to describe shining, sparkling, and glowing phenomena like stars, fire, and lightning. It also encompasses actions like moving a tail and the profession of selling pearls.

This root primarily concerns the initial milk produced by a female mammal after giving birth, known as colostrum. It extends to the act of nursing or feeding this colostrum, as well as the process of milking it. Metaphorically, it can refer to the initial stages of something or the act of providing something early.

The root لتء primarily denotes the act of striking, hitting, or throwing. It extends to related concepts like piercing, wounding, and even the act of giving birth or being born, metaphorically seen as a forceful expulsion.

This root pertains to viscous or thick liquids, specifically the sap or exudate that flows from trees. It describes a substance that is slow-moving and often has a coagulated or thickened consistency.

This root primarily concerns seeking refuge, protection, or support, often implying a sense of necessity or being compelled. It extends to concepts of reliance, resorting to something, and being forced into a situation. It also encompasses related ideas like a place of refuge and, in a specific context, a wife.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of giving, providing, and causing something to be full or satisfied. It encompasses actions of bestowing gifts, tending to livestock well, and filling containers.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sticking, adhering, or clinging to something. It extends to meanings of being fixed, immobile, or even a type of severe wound or persistent ailment.

The root لفء (laf'a) primarily relates to the act of stripping, peeling, or scraping away something, often flesh from bone or dirt from a surface. It also extends to meanings of deficiency, falling short, or being less than what is due, and can denote a small amount or a blow.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of staying in a place, striking or hitting, and delaying or hesitating. It encompasses physical actions of impact and movement, as well as more abstract notions of reluctance and slowness.

This root primarily concerns encompassing, covering, and taking possession of something, often stealthily or completely. It also extends to the idea of seeing something quickly, like a glance, and a change in color.

This root appears to relate to the concept of retreating or falling back. The primary derived form discussed indicates a specific type of backward movement.

This root primarily deals with the concept of disfigurement, ugliness, or deformity, often in a physical sense. It can also refer to something being distorted or marred.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of white seed or grain, possibly resembling chickpeas. Its exact botanical classification is uncertain, with some doubt expressed about whether it belongs to the legume family.