Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of limit, extent, or end. It extends to notions of duration, distance, and the ultimate point of something, whether in time, space, or capability. It also encompasses related ideas like measurement and the edge of a blade.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of doubt, argumentation, and disputation. It extends to related ideas of extracting or drawing out, such as milking a ewe or a camel's milk production. Additionally, it encompasses physical descriptions related to smoothness, whiteness, and plumpness, as well as terms for parts of the digestive system and specific animals.

This root primarily concerns concepts of superiority, excellence, and completion. It extends to notions of distinction, preference, and reaching a state of fullness or perfection. It can also denote disagreement or opposition.

The root مشي (m-sh-y) primarily relates to the act of walking. It extends to concepts of movement, progress, and the propagation or increase of something, particularly livestock and offspring. It also encompasses the meaning of a laxative medicine.

This root primarily relates to descriptions of women's physical attributes, specifically leanness or lack of flesh, and also extends to describe the posterior. It also encompasses terms for small containers.

This root primarily concerns the concept of passing, going forward, and completion. It extends to notions of passing away (death), execution of commands, and the cutting action of a sword. It also encompasses the idea of proceeding or advancing.

The root مطا (maṭā) primarily relates to stretching, extending, and prolonging. This extends to concepts of endurance in travel, slow or deliberate movement, and even the physical act of stretching oneself. It also encompasses related ideas like boasting, pride, and the passage of time.

This root primarily relates to the intestines and internal organs of the abdomen. It also extends to geographical features like depressions in the land, and to concepts of abundance, ripeness, and collective movement or gathering.

This root primarily describes the vocalizations of animals, specifically cats. It denotes the act of crying out or making a specific sound, often distinguished from other animal sounds.

This root primarily relates to intense sucking or drinking, and by extension, to polishing, cleaning, and preserving something valuable. It describes a vigorous action of drawing sustenance or making something shine.

The root مكا (makā) primarily relates to the act of whistling, especially with the mouth or hands. It extends to sounds made by birds, the act of blowing into something, and metaphorically to the sound of a wound or the appearance of a fox's den. It also encompasses actions like cleansing and physical hardening.

This root primarily concerns the concept of duration, time, and living for a long period. It also extends to meanings of spaciousness, expanse, and in some contexts, rapid movement or running.

This root primarily relates to mirrors and reflective surfaces, drawing a connection to water due to their clarity. It also encompasses a type of crystal stone and a place name. Additionally, it includes a feminine proper name, with a specific instance of shortening for poetic address.

This root primarily deals with the concept of vast, desolate, and empty desert expanses. It describes barren lands that are difficult to traverse and lack water or life.

This root primarily concerns names, specifically female names and names for female monkeys. It also includes a term for a type of wheat.

This root primarily concerns the concept of distance, remoteness, and separation. It extends to meanings of moving away, avoiding, and keeping something at a distance. It also encompasses a specific architectural term for a protective barrier around a tent.

The root نبا primarily denotes concepts of aversion, repulsion, and distance, whether physical or metaphorical. It extends to meanings of being unsuitable, ugly, or failing to achieve a purpose. It also encompasses notions of elevation, prominence, and leadership, particularly in the context of prophecy.

This root primarily relates to swelling, puffing up, or becoming bloated. It can also extend to meanings of being insignificant, being delayed, or being broken and swollen. Derived terms also refer to sailors.

This root primarily concerns the act of spreading, revealing, or spreading news and information. It can refer to both positive and negative reports about a person, and also encompasses the idea of recalling or discussing past events or one's own faults.

This root primarily concerns the concept of secret communication, whispering, and confidential conversation. It extends to notions of intimacy, exclusivity in communication, and by extension, the act of smelling or detecting an odor.

This root primarily concerns concepts of pride, arrogance, and boasting. It describes a state of being grand, self-important, and showing off one's status or achievements.

The root ندي (ndy) primarily relates to concepts of proximity, approach, and coming near. It also extends to meanings of withdrawal, separation, and even a lack of survival or presence. Some derived forms describe specific entities like a horse or a type of foolishness.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of white, thin stone used for sharpening or perhaps as a whetstone. It might also extend to the concept of sharpening or honing.

This root primarily concerns the concept of forgetting, neglecting, or leaving something behind. It extends to meanings of causing someone to forget, being forgotten, and also includes related concepts like delay or postponement, and specific terms for drinks or objects.

The root نضا (naḍa) primarily relates to the concepts of removing, shedding, or leaving something behind. This extends to concepts of becoming worn out, moving quickly, or becoming lean and emaciated. It also encompasses the idea of drawing or pulling something out.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of stretching, extending, and distance. It extends to meanings of travel, remoteness, and also includes specific place names and actions like silence and giving.

This root primarily concerns the concept of announcing or proclaiming something, especially news of death. It extends to meanings of denouncing, criticizing, or publicizing faults. Derivatives also describe physical features like clefts and fissures, and in a less common usage, refer to something moist or a place.

This root primarily concerns sounds, speech, and communication, often with a nuance of pleasantness, gentleness, or subtle understanding. It extends to concepts of reaching, approaching, and mirroring, particularly in natural phenomena.

This root primarily concerns causing harm, injury, or damage, particularly to an enemy. It extends to concepts of overcoming, defeating, and inflicting significant losses. It also has a distinct meaning related to lancing or picking at a wound.

This root primarily concerns the concept of increase, growth, and rising. It extends to concepts of raising, elevating, and spreading information, as well as attributing lineage or origin. It also encompasses physical growth and fattening.

This root primarily concerns fine dust, powder, or particles, often stirred up by wind or movement. It extends to concepts of insignificance, fading, or becoming dispersed like dust, and also includes meanings related to movement, death, and specific astronomical or geographical terms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of giving and taking, often in an imperative or reciprocal manner. It also extends to meanings related to breaking, nighttime hours, and distant open spaces.

This root primarily relates to actions of urging, hastening, or inciting. It also encompasses expressions of blushing, foolishness, jesting, and engaging in argument or debate.

This root primarily concerns the act of verbal abuse, specifically through poetry, which is the opposite of praise. It extends to general criticism, denigration, and even the act of reciting or reading. It also has less common meanings related to physical descriptions and states.