Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns nonsensical, incoherent, or rambling speech, often associated with illness, delirium, or a confused state of mind. It can also refer to mentioning something in such speech or striking with a sword.

This root primarily relates to striking with a stick or club, and by extension, to cooking or maturing something. It also encompasses terms for large objects, specific places, and dyeing.

This root appears to relate to a state of being bewildered, confused, or lost. It describes individuals who are uncertain or unable to find their way.

This root appears to relate to concepts of breaking, strength, and aging. It describes the act of breaking someone's back, the act of riding a horse, and refers to strong individuals and the process of aging.

This root appears to relate to concepts of making someone appear foolish or insignificant, and also to groups or assemblies of people.

This root appears to relate to actions of movement and throwing. The primary distinction made is between 'throwing' and 'leaping'.

This root primarily concerns rapid, light movement, often through the air or on the ground. It extends to concepts of loss, error, and even hunger, reflecting a sense of being adrift or unsteady.

This root primarily concerns the act of speaking incoherently, rambling, or uttering nonsense, often due to illness, delirium, or emotional distress. It can also extend to speaking ill of someone or corrupting something.

This root appears to relate to acts of belittling, boasting, or perhaps a form of deception or trickery. The primary verbs suggest actions of making someone seem small or engaging in rivalry.

The root 'هلا' primarily denotes a vocative or imperative sound used to urge or direct animals, particularly horses and camels. It can also be used metaphorically for humans, signifying encouragement or a command to approach. The root also encompasses related terms for plants and geographical locations.

This root primarily deals with demonstrative pronouns and exclamations, often used to refer to something without naming it directly. It also encompasses concepts of striking, hitting, or affecting something, and in a related sense, weakening.

This root primarily concerns concepts of falling, descending, and deep places, such as pits, wells, and ravines. It also extends to meanings of foolishness, emptiness, and falsehood, often metaphorically linked to these physical depths.

This root primarily deals with concepts of lineage, unknown or obscure origins, and expressions of surprise, regret, or urgency. It also encompasses interjections and particles used for calling, urging, or expressing strong emotion.

This root primarily concerns the concept of making a promise or a vow. It emphasizes the commitment and the obligation to fulfill what has been pledged. The terms derived from this root denote a solemn and binding promise.

This root primarily deals with concepts of guaranteeing, promising, and ensuring something. It extends to descriptions of swiftness and strength in animals, and the size and capacity of containers, particularly pots and bowls.

This root primarily deals with the concept of compliance, agreement, and yielding to someone or something. It signifies cooperating with another's will or request, often implying a gentle or willing submission.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being broken, injured, or disabled, particularly in the limbs or extremities. It also extends to the idea of being betrayed or having one's trust broken, leading to a sense of ruin or downfall.

This root primarily concerns pain, lameness, and difficulty in movement, especially in animals' hooves or feet. It also extends to concepts of failure, refusal, and cessation.

This root primarily concerns communication, especially hidden or rapid communication. It encompasses divine revelation, inspiration, secret speech, writing, and signals. It also extends to concepts of speed, urgency, and sometimes, leadership or influence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'directing oneself towards', 'intending', or 'aiming for' a place, goal, or truth. It extends to the path itself, the act of seeking, and even the sound of a camel's gait.

This root primarily concerns the concept of paying or receiving blood money (diya) as compensation for a killing. It also extends to meanings related to the emission of bodily fluids, particularly pre-ejaculate and semen, and the act of a male animal becoming aroused. Additionally, it encompasses the idea of perishing or being destroyed, and the geographical term 'wadi' (valley).

This root primarily relates to concepts of gathering, contracting, and strength, often applied to animals like donkeys and men. It also extends to meanings of standing erect, leaning against, and confronting or facing something. Additionally, it touches upon the idea of causing distress or anger, and a specific type of bird.

This root primarily relates to the act of shaving or cutting hair, particularly the head. It also extends to the instrument used for shaving (a razor) and, by extension, to concepts of equality or making something level.

This root primarily relates to the act of treading, stepping upon, or pressing down. It can also extend to the concept of being accustomed to or familiar with something through repeated contact.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of retaining, understanding, and comprehending something, often in the heart or mind. It extends to holding, containing, and gathering things, as well as the idea of healing or mending, particularly of bones. It also encompasses sounds, cries, and the act of being aware or vigilant.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sound, particularly loud, clamorous, or war-like noises. It extends to encompass the actual act of warfare and also the buzzing or humming sounds of insects.

This root primarily concerns the concept of fulfillment, completion, and entirety. It extends to concepts of loyalty, keeping promises, and reaching a designated limit or quantity. It also encompasses the idea of arriving at a place or reaching a certain state.

This root primarily concerns the concept of protection, preservation, and guarding against harm. It extends to avoiding danger, taking precautions, and acting defensively. The derived terms often denote the means of protection or the act of being protected.

This root primarily concerns protection, guarding, and warding off. It extends to concepts of caution, avoidance, and the act of preserving oneself or others from harm or discomfort. It also encompasses related ideas like being hesitant or tender-footed due to pain.

The root 'وكي' primarily relates to the act of tying, binding, or sealing something, particularly the mouth of a container like a waterskin. It extends metaphorically to concepts of restraint, withholding, and even intense effort or filling.

This root primarily concerns the act of signaling or gesturing, often subtly, using parts of the body like the head, eyes, or eyebrows. It can also extend to meanings of taking control or overcoming something.

This root primarily concerns concepts of weakness, fatigue, slowness, and falling short. It extends to meanings of slackening, delaying, and ceasing effort. Derived terms also describe a state of being tired or slow, and in some contexts, a harbor or a type of pearl.

This root appears to be related to place names, specifically a valley in Yemen. The primary lemma discussed is a noun referring to this specific location.

This root primarily relates to the hand, its actions, and its metaphorical extensions. It encompasses physical manipulation, giving, receiving, and the concept of capability or influence. It also extends to abstract notions like fate, misfortune, and the consequences of actions.

This root appears to be onomatopoeic, specifically representing the sound of yawning. It is primarily associated with the speech of shepherds and is used in poetry to describe weariness or the act of yawning.