Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root كدا primarily relates to concepts of hardness, difficulty, scarcity, and obstruction. It extends to describe land that is hard or barren, slow growth, and things that are blocked or stopped. It also encompasses ideas of stinginess, poverty, and a lack of progress or yielding.

This root primarily deals with demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative particles used for indication, approximation, or as a substitute for unknown or unspecified things. It also extends to describing redness, particularly of the face due to emotion, and includes specific uses in phrases indicating sufficiency or approximation.

This root primarily relates to concepts of slow or steady movement, particularly in travel or the gait of animals. It also extends to botanical terms for specific plants and geographical locations.

This root appears to relate to the concept of bestowing or giving generously. It describes an act of conferring favor or bounty upon those who seek it or are in need.

This root primarily concerns the concept of clothing, covering, and adorning. It extends to meanings of being covered by something, such as plants on the ground or blood on an animal, and metaphorically to being covered by blessings or shame. It also encompasses related ideas like giving clothes and the act of wearing them.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of fatty tissue found in animals, particularly lizards (ضب). It also extends to the act of biting and tearing with the mouth.

This root describes a state of decline, degradation, or falling from a previous high status. It specifically refers to a loss of prestige, honor, or position after a period of prominence.

This root primarily describes a state of being strong, firm, and well-built, particularly concerning flesh or muscles. It can also imply a sense of being tightly packed or accumulated.

This root primarily relates to the concept of cowardice and fleeing. It describes someone who is cowardly, a coward, or a deserter. It also has a secondary, unrelated meaning concerning knots or ties.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sufficiency, adequacy, and providing enough. It extends to concepts of taking responsibility, fulfilling needs, and acting as a substitute or equivalent. It also encompasses related ideas like reward, service, and the provision of sustenance.

This root primarily deals with the concept of duality and pairing, specifically referring to 'both' of two things. It also extends to related concepts like the kidneys, and in a less common usage, the lower part of a cloud or a specific type of leather pouch.

The root 'kila' (كلا) primarily functions as a particle in Classical Arabic, often used for refutation, prohibition, or affirmation. Its meaning can shift depending on context, sometimes acting as a filler word or an emphatic negation.

This root primarily concerns the concept of using a euphemism or indirect reference to avoid mentioning something unpleasant or to show respect. It also covers the practice of being known by a kunya (patronymic or matronymic) rather than one's given name, and the use of indirect language or symbols to convey meaning, particularly in dreams.

This root primarily describes large, mature, and impressive female camels. It also extends to concepts of awe, respect, timidity, and cowardice, often linked to a sense of being overwhelmed or intimidated. Additionally, it is used for geographical features and in comparative expressions.

This root primarily concerns the act of cauterizing or branding, typically with a hot iron. It extends to related concepts like burning, searing, and the tools used for it. Metaphorically, it can refer to seeking warmth or even engaging in verbal altercations.

This root primarily deals with particles used to express purpose, cause, or consequence, often functioning similarly to 'an' or 'li-'. It also encompasses a colloquial or idiomatic expression for indicating an unspecified event or action, with variations in its pronunciation and grammatical treatment.

This root primarily denotes slowness, delay, and holding back. It extends to meanings of difficulty, hardship, and distress, particularly in living conditions. It also encompasses specific terms for animals and proper names.

This root primarily relates to the concept of responding, answering, and staying in a place. It also extends to the remaining parts of plants and a specific type of tree.

The root 'لتا' primarily deals with the concept of deficiency or falling short. It is also extensively used to discuss the feminine relative pronouns and their various grammatical forms and derivations, often in comparison to their masculine counterparts.

This root primarily concerns substances that ooze or drip from trees, often sticky or sweet, and by extension, things that are moist, sticky, or soiled. It also extends to the gums of the mouth and specific phonetic sounds.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a frog. It details the singular and plural forms of the word for frog, with a grammatical note on the origin of the plural's final letter.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'bark' or 'peel' of trees and other objects. It extends metaphorically to meanings of stripping, flaying, and also to verbal interactions like blaming, scolding, and arguing. It also encompasses physical features like the beard and parts of the face.

This root primarily deals with concepts of crookedness, asymmetry, and deviation. It extends to excessive or nonsensical speech, and also encompasses terms related to specific anatomical features, particularly in animals, and actions like administering medicine or giving gifts.

This root primarily concerns the concept of proximity, presence, or being in possession of something. It often functions as a preposition indicating location or source, and can also denote having something available or ready.

This root primarily relates to the act of eating, particularly in small amounts or with a specific manner. It also extends to describing animals that eat a lot or a little.

This root appears to describe a decline in status or fortune after a period of prominence. It also has a specific meaning related to abundant milk production.

This root primarily concerns the act of blaming, accusing, or slandering someone, often with false accusations. It also extends to the idea of leaning towards or joining someone for a suspicious purpose, and in a less common sense, to committing a sin.

This root pertains to skillfulness, expertise, and adeptness in a particular domain, especially in guidance or demonstration. It implies a refined ability to perform or explain something with precision and mastery.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of weight, burden, and settling down, often metaphorically. It also extends to meanings of sticking, adhering, and a specific part of a horse's or human's forehead. Additionally, it can refer to thieves and a type of severe head wound.

This root primarily concerns intense fire, flames, and burning. It extends to the concept of intense heat, fervent anger, and even the fires of hell. The derived terms often describe the act or state of blazing, igniting, or being intensely hot.

This root primarily concerns intense desire, greed, and eagerness, often associated with hunger or a strong craving for something. It also extends to meanings of being easily startled, having a dark mark, and a specific call for someone who has stumbled.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of finding, encountering, and losing something. It also extends to meanings of stripping away, being meager or worthless, and acting foolishly.

This root primarily concerns the act of receiving, encountering, or learning something, often passively. It extends to concepts of finding, throwing, or leaving something behind, and can also refer to a foundling or something discarded.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sticking to, adhering to, or remaining in a place. It extends to the idea of being attached to something or someone, and by extension, to the act of staying or residing.

This root primarily relates to the month of Jumada al-Akhirah. It also appears to have a secondary meaning related to a specific type of stone or mineral.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being suitable, fitting, or appropriate for something. It extends to notions of deserving, being worthy of, and having a rightful claim or connection.

The root لوي (l-w-y) primarily relates to twisting, turning, or bending. It extends to concepts of deception, distortion, and also encompasses geographical locations, types of plants, and even idols.

This root primarily discusses a type of food, often described as white and similar to chickpeas, found in the Hijaz region. It also refers to a place name and a type of fish.

This root primarily deals with concepts of exaggeration, stretching, expanding, and corruption. It also encompasses the meaning of reaching a specific number, particularly one hundred, and the sounds made by cats.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stretching, extending, and prolonging. It applies to physical stretching of objects like ropes, as well as metaphorical extensions of lifespan, livelihood, or even a gait.

This root primarily concerns the concept of erasing, obliterating, or causing something to disappear, particularly its trace or effect. It extends to meanings of removal, cancellation, and even the disappearance of physical phenomena like clouds or marks on the moon.

This root primarily concerns the concept of seeking absolution, making excuses, or disassociating oneself from something. It implies a sense of clearing oneself of blame or responsibility, often with a connotation of avoiding sin or wrongdoing.