Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root describes the act of bending, curving, or arching something, particularly wood or structures. It also refers to the resulting bent or curved state, and can be used metaphorically for yielding or being bent by age or circumstances.

This root primarily describes something short or stunted in stature. It is often used to refer to short individuals, particularly women, and can also denote a type of bird.

This root primarily concerns the idea of dismantling, collapsing, or breaking down something, often in a structured way. It can apply to physical structures like buildings and tents, as well as abstract entities like groups and rows. It also extends to describe movement characterized by coming and going without settling.

This root primarily deals with the concepts of breaking, cracking, and separating, often applied to eggs, shells, and structures. It also extends to meanings of replacement, provision, and preparation, sometimes with a negative connotation.

This root primarily concerns the rejection or expulsion of fluid, particularly related to animal reproduction and dairy products. It also extends to describe specific parts of the female reproductive tract and a type of cheese.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being steadfast, firm, or persistent, particularly in the context of a person or a guide. It also touches upon the idea of careful observation and navigation.

This root appears to relate to the act of biting or taking something with the mouth, particularly in a dialectal context. It also includes a specific term for a wild animal.

The root مخض (makhḍ) primarily relates to the process of churning or agitating, especially milk to extract butter. It extends metaphorically to the pangs of childbirth, the movement of a fetus, and the tumultuous nature of time or events. It also encompasses terms for pregnant animals and young camels.

This root primarily denotes sensations of burning, stinging, or intense pain, often associated with emotional distress or physical irritation. It extends to meanings of enduring hardship, expressing negation, and the act of rinsing or moving liquid in the mouth.

This root primarily denotes feelings of distress, anger, and pain, often stemming from something heard or experienced. It can also refer to specific physical conditions or actions related to animals and people.

The root نبض (nabḍa) primarily relates to the concept of movement, pulsation, and throbbing, often associated with the heart or blood vessels. It extends to meanings of agitation, trembling, and even the plucking of hair or the drawing of a bowstring. The root also encompasses related actions like flowing and the sound produced by a bow.

This root primarily describes a process of skin affliction characterized by eruption, peeling, and separation of layers. It also extends to describe a type of date cluster that peels off and a specific geographical feature related to water.

This root primarily concerns the concept of flesh, particularly its abundance, scarcity, or the act of consuming or separating it. It also extends to descriptions of physical condition, sharpness, and persistent begging.

This root primarily concerns the concept of slow, gradual emergence, seepage, or dripping, often of water. It extends to meanings of scarcity, small amounts, and the final remnants of something. It also encompasses the idea of something becoming manifest, available, or easy to obtain, and by extension, the final offspring of a person.

This root primarily discusses a type of thorny tree found in the Hijaz region. It also touches upon the meaning of 'to obtain' or 'to acquire' something, though this usage is noted as uncertain.

The root 'nafada' (نفض) primarily denotes shaking, dislodging, or causing something to fall off. This extends to concepts of shedding, falling fruit, and even the physical act of cleaning or examining something by shaking it. It also encompasses related ideas like trembling, depletion of provisions, and the examination of a place.

The root نقض (naqaḍa) primarily concerns the act of undoing, breaking, or dismantling something that was previously established, built, or agreed upon. It extends to concepts of contradiction, opposition, and the sounds associated with breaking or creaking.

The root نهض (nahada) primarily concerns the concept of rising, standing up, and moving forward. It extends to meanings of undertaking, supporting, and advancing, both physically and metaphorically. It also encompasses related ideas like strength, capability, and the physical parts of an animal involved in movement.

This root primarily relates to concepts of connection, movement, and ripeness. It describes physical connections like the part of a camel's back, or the flesh around a woman's hip. It also encompasses various forms of movement, from gentle swaying and flickering to traveling and escaping. Additionally, it signifies the ripening of fruit, particularly dates.

This root appears to relate to the throbbing or pulsation of veins, similar to the concept of a pulse.

This root primarily deals with the concept of tearing, ripping, or damaging something, particularly fabric. It also extends to a skin condition that appears as a rash or eruption.

This root primarily concerns the concept of breaking, crushing, or grinding something into smaller pieces. It extends to meanings of rapid movement, forceful impact, and also refers to a group or a place.

This root appears to describe the act of forcefully extracting or uprooting something, akin to pulling a plant from the ground. It is noted as a rare or possibly unverified term, primarily attributed to the Tayy dialect.

This root appears to describe physical characteristics, specifically a large belly, and also relates to the suppression or concealment of laughter.

This root primarily concerns the act of piercing or stabbing, particularly with a spear. It distinguishes between shallow and deep wounds, with some debate on the precise meaning of the root verb in this context.

This root primarily relates to the act of defecation, particularly a large or sudden expulsion. It also extends to the intention or resolve to fast, and in a less common usage, to a person who searches for pasture.

The root وفض (wafḍa) primarily relates to concepts of speed, haste, and rapid movement. It also extends to meanings of protection, padding, and containers, often associated with the idea of something placed beneath or around. Additionally, it encompasses terms for groups of people, particularly those who are mixed or in need.

This root primarily describes a subtle, brief, or intermittent flash of light, particularly lightning. It also extends to a quick, furtive glance or a subtle signal.

This root pertains to the concept of a low, settled, or depressed area of land. It specifically describes a rounded, flattened, or gently sloping terrain.

This root primarily describes the act of opening or splitting, particularly in the context of eyes opening. It also encompasses related meanings of splitting or breaking apart.

This root primarily concerns the armpit and its immediate vicinity. It extends to actions involving placing things under the armpit, a specific type of garment or posture, and geographical features like the base or slope of a sand dune. It also includes derived terms for weakness.

This root appears to relate to a physical defect, specifically a crooked jaw. It seems to be a less common root with limited derived forms.

This root primarily concerns a type of desert shrub known as 'Arṭā, its properties, and related concepts. It also extends to geographical locations and descriptive terms derived from the plant.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of perfumed grape juice or wine, often described as high-quality or aged. It also touches upon linguistic analysis of the word's origin and grammatical structure.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of wine, often described as Roman in origin, of high quality, or mixed with aromatic substances. It also touches upon the concept of purity or the best part of something.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sound, particularly creaking, groaning, or squeaking noises. These sounds are often associated with heavy loads, strained objects like saddles or new ropes, or internal bodily sensations like hunger or fullness. It can also extend to metaphorical sounds of great crowds or divine presence.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of tree and its properties. The primary derived term refers to a tall tree that produces a type of gum or resin.

This root appears to relate to a state of ease, well-being, and freedom from worry. It describes a condition of being settled and content, particularly in the evening.

This root appears to describe a state of swelling or inflammation, particularly of the lips. It is a rare root with limited usage.

This root appears to be related to distraction and deviation from what is right, possibly through amusement or heedlessness. It is suggested to be a potential inversion of another root with a similar meaning.

This root primarily concerns a musical instrument of Persian origin, the lute or oud, and its associated terminology. It also extends to related concepts like clothing and a place name.

This root primarily relates to concepts of scattering, dispersing, or moving in a varied or irregular manner. It also encompasses specific physical actions like stepping, sitting, or climbing, and can refer to a type of food.

The root 'بسط' (basṭa) primarily relates to the concept of spreading, extending, and widening. This encompasses physical spreading of objects, expansion of resources like sustenance, and metaphorical extensions such as openness of disposition, breadth of knowledge, and vastness of land. It also covers the opposite of contracting or seizing.

This root relates to expansion, abundance, and stretching out. It often appears in contexts of increasing physical or metaphorical space, wealth, or power. The primary distinction within the root involves the use of 'ص' (ṣād) versus 'س' (sīn) in certain derived forms, with the former often being a dialectal or older variant.

This root primarily relates to the act of cutting or splitting, particularly wounds, boils, and similar afflictions. It also extends to terms for specific containers, waterfowl (geese and ducks), and metaphorical uses related to wonder, falsehood, and foolishness. Some derived terms also refer to specific sounds or parts of footwear.