Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns excessive ignorance, ugliness, and going beyond limits. It also extends to the act of slaughtering and the anatomical term for the anus.

This root primarily describes the central, fertile part of a valley or a place of abundance. It is also used metaphorically to denote someone of high status or central importance within a group, akin to being the 'heart' or 'core'. Additionally, it has a vulgar meaning referring to the anus and surrounding area.

This root appears to relate to shortness or being stunted, particularly in reference to a person's stature. It also has a secondary meaning related to the rolling motion of a beetle.

This root primarily relates to the concept of flatness, smoothness, and paving, often applied to the ground or surfaces. It extends to meanings of adhering to the ground, being impoverished, and also encompasses actions like striving, fighting, and specific tools.

This root appears to relate to the concept of shortness or being stunted. It is primarily associated with a single derived term describing a short person.

This root appears to refer to a type of stone or material, specifically a substance resembling marble but with different textural qualities. It is primarily used in classical poetry to describe building materials.

The root 'بنط' itself is considered unused or 'neglected' in classical Arabic. However, when a 'yā'' (ي) is inserted between the 'bā'' (ب) and 'nūn' (ن), it becomes a used term, particularly in Yemen.

This root primarily discusses a type of cooked rice dish, likely of Persian origin, prepared with milk and butter without water. It also touches upon a related verb meaning to burden or weigh down, though this usage is less common and possibly a variant.

This root primarily relates to a vessel used by craftsmen for melting substances. It also encompasses a figurative meaning of experiencing a decline in status or fortune, moving from a position of power or wealth to one of humility or poverty.

This root appears to be related to the concept of drought or a dry period, specifically referring to a year of scarcity. The primary discussion revolves around a specific noun derived from this root that denotes such a year.

This root primarily relates to a type of small creature or insect, and by extension, to mud or mire. It is also used metaphorically to describe foolishness or excessive stupidity, particularly when exacerbated by circumstances.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of hindering, delaying, or preventing someone or something from proceeding. It also extends to meanings of being slow, heavy, or stationary, and in some contexts, to illness causing immobility.

This root primarily relates to speech impediments or unclear articulation, and secondarily to concepts of heaviness, slowness, or being weak and foolish. It also includes a specific tool used by cobblers.

This root pertains to a thin, liquid gruel or porridge, often cooked with milk. It describes a specific type of food preparation.

This root primarily describes a state of being wet, muddy, or swollen, particularly in relation to liquids and food consumption. It also extends to describe a person who is large-mouthed and a glutton.

This root appears to relate to a state of foolishness or lack of intelligence. The primary derived form suggests a meaning of being foolish or simple-minded.

This root primarily describes states of decay, putrefaction, and swelling, particularly related to flesh, water, and lips. It also extends to the physical action of crushing or grinding.

This root primarily concerns the concept of excrement, specifically when it is thin or watery. It extends to the act of defecating such material and can also refer to being smeared or splattered with it.

This root appears to describe a state of looseness, softness, or relaxation, particularly in relation to mud or a relaxed physical condition.

This root primarily describes a state of extreme thinness or liquidity, particularly concerning mud or dough. It conveys the idea of something being overly diluted or excessively fluid.

This root primarily concerns the emergence of plants from the earth, specifically truffles, and the act of splitting or piercing the ground. It also extends to the idea of stabilizing or anchoring something, like mountains anchoring the earth.

This root appears to relate to the act of driving or urging livestock, specifically sheep, with a harsh or forceful sound. It is closely related to the root جحض.

This root appears to describe something that is old, decrepit, or worn out. It is primarily used in relation to elderly individuals, suggesting a state of extreme old age and frailty.

This root appears to describe something large, heavy, or perhaps aged and decrepit. It is used metaphorically to denote extreme old age and physical decline.

This root primarily relates to the concept of choking, gagging, or having something stuck in the throat. It can also describe a state of being rough, coarse, or unrefined, often in reference to a person or their actions.

This root primarily relates to the act of shaving or cutting hair, specifically the head. It also extends to metaphorical meanings of deception and falsehood, as well as the drawing or unsheathing of a sword.

This root appears to describe barren, desolate, or rough land. It may also refer to uneven or hilly terrain.

This root appears to relate to barren or desolate land, possibly with a secondary meaning of sadness or grief. It is noted as a variant of another root.

This root pertains to the act of sealing and caulking ships, specifically filling the seams and joints with materials like flax fibers and tar. It describes the tools and the process involved in making a ship watertight.

This root appears to relate to the act of shaving or completely removing hair, particularly from the head. It is a less common root with limited derived forms discussed.

This root appears to describe a specific type of swelling or growth, possibly within the abdomen of sheep. Its usage and validity are questioned.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to the act of scraping or peeling something off.

The root حطط primarily relates to the act of setting down, lowering, or descending. This encompasses physically placing burdens, descending from a mount, and metaphorically lightening or removing burdens, sins, or prices. It also extends to concepts of reduction, decline, and specific physical attributes or conditions.

This root appears to describe something small, insignificant, or perhaps a young creature. It is also associated with a specific type of lizard and the act of striking or breaking something.

This root appears to describe a state of foolishness or being associated with it. The primary usage seems to be in a derogatory context, specifically to taunt someone with foolishness.

This root primarily relates to the male of a specific bird, the francolin. It also extends to describe physical characteristics like lightness of body and quickness of movement, often applied to women.

This root primarily concerns intense emotional states like anger and agitation, as well as the act of persevering or staying in a place. It also extends to concepts of commitment, particularly in oaths, and in a more obscure sense, sexual intercourse.

This root appears to relate to a specific quantity of camels, particularly a hundred, and potentially the act of gathering or driving them. It seems to be a specialized term with limited modern usage.

This root primarily relates to concepts of peeling, dryness, and a specific type of fruit or plant. It also extends to descriptions of physical sensations like burning or roughness, and metaphorically to the core or essence of something. Additionally, it is associated with certain types of snakes and plants, and place names.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of small creature. The primary derived term refers to a small animal, with variations in its singular and plural forms.

The root حنط (ḥanṭa) primarily relates to grain, specifically wheat, and its harvesting. It extends to concepts of ripeness, readiness for harvest, and by extension, maturity or readiness in other contexts. It also encompasses the application of perfumes or aromatics, particularly for the deceased.

This root primarily concerns a type of bird, possibly a partridge or quail. It also includes a proper name derived from this bird.

The root حوط (ḥawṭ) primarily relates to the concept of surrounding, enclosing, protecting, and preserving. It extends to taking precautions, managing affairs prudently, and the physical structures that provide such enclosure, like walls and enclosures.

The root خبط (khabaṭa) primarily denotes striking or hitting forcefully, often with a sweeping or unguided motion. This extends to concepts of stumbling, acting ignorantly, and even causing damage or destruction through such actions. It also encompasses related ideas like grazing, collecting, and seeking favor.

This root primarily concerns lines, marks, and paths, extending to writing, drawing, planning, and marking out territory. It also encompasses concepts of method, way, and even specific types of land or weapons.

The root خلط (khalaṭa) primarily deals with the concept of mixing, blending, or combining things together. This encompasses physical mixtures, social interactions, and abstract concepts like confusion or corruption. It also extends to the idea of partnership and shared ownership, particularly in the context of livestock and legal rights.