Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concepts of cutting, severing, and separation, often with a sense of finality or completeness. It extends to meanings of distance, becoming full or plump, and also describes specific objects or actions like a plumb line, a small child, or vigorous movement.

This root primarily relates to the names of months, specifically the autumn months in the Roman calendar as adopted in Arabic. It denotes the two months of Tishri.

This root primarily concerns the concept of bleeding from a wound, particularly when it is profuse and does not stop. It also extends to the idea of the outbreak or intensity of war, and waking up from sleep. Additionally, it refers to a specific mountain.

This root appears to relate to the bubbling or boiling of liquids, and also to the flow of blood from a wound. It seems to have variations in pronunciation and meaning depending on the specific context and dialect.

This root entry discusses a single word, 'al-tiftr', which is presented as an alternative pronunciation or form of 'al-daftar'. The origin of this word is debated, with one scholar suggesting it might be of foreign, non-Arabic origin.

This root primarily discusses scattered or dispersed things, particularly vegetation. It also refers to the blooming or flowering of plants.

This root primarily relates to spices, seasonings, and aromatic substances. It encompasses the concept of a spice blend or mixture, and also refers to specific aromatic seeds.

This root appears to be related to specific titles or names, possibly of leaders or prominent figures from the region of Sindh. The primary focus is on a term used for a commander or leader, with variations in its pluralization.

This root primarily relates to ovens and baking, specifically the type of oven used for baking bread. It also extends metaphorically to the surface of the earth, particularly when associated with water or geological activity, and can refer to specific locations.

This root primarily describes elevated or prominent features, whether in the sea, on land, or in the context of sand dunes. It can also refer to a long camel's hump or a state of being lost or self-important.

This root primarily relates to vessels and containers, specifically a type of basin or pot. It also extends to concepts of messengers, cycles, repetition, and persistence.

This root primarily relates to concepts of waves, currents, and repeated actions. It also extends to a specific architectural term and the idea of returning or repeating something.

This root primarily concerns the concept of vengeance, specifically seeking retribution for a killed relative or loved one. It encompasses the act of seeking revenge, the blood feud itself, the person who carries out the vengeance, and the victim of the original offense.

The root ثبر (th-b-r) primarily relates to concepts of holding back, preventing, or stopping something. It extends to meanings of persistence, steadfastness, and enduring hardship. It also encompasses notions of destruction, perishing, and ruin, often in a final or absolute sense.

This root primarily describes sudden, forceful movement, often associated with fear, panic, or overwhelming force. It can also denote confusion, indecision, or a reversal of direction.

This root primarily relates to the concept of flowing, bursting forth, or being wide and open. It encompasses meanings related to liquids, natural formations like valleys, and physical openings or centers. It also extends to descriptions of things being broad or thick.

This root primarily relates to a poisonous substance derived from the Samr tree, and by extension, to growths like warts or pustules. It also describes specific botanical parts and anatomical features, as well as a type of person.

The root ثعجر (tha'jara) primarily relates to the pouring or gushing forth of liquids, especially tears or water. It also extends to the concept of fullness and abundance, particularly in the context of a container or a body of water.

The root ثغر (th-gh-r) primarily denotes openings, gaps, or breaches, whether in natural formations like mountains or man-made structures. It extends to the concept of a frontier or borderland, especially one that is vulnerable. Additionally, it refers to the mouth and teeth, and the process of teeth falling out and growing in.

The root ثفر (th-f-r) primarily relates to the rear part of an animal's saddle or harness, specifically the strap that goes under the tail. It extends to describe actions of securing or binding in that manner, and metaphorically to describe the posterior or vulva, and also negative characterizations.

This root primarily relates to concepts of hesitation, fear, and distress. It describes a state of being unsettled or agitated, often due to apprehension or a difficult situation.

The root ثمر (thamara) primarily relates to the fruit of trees, its production, and by extension, the yield or produce of anything. It extends metaphorically to offspring, wealth, and the valuable outcome of endeavors. The root also encompasses concepts of growth, abundance, and ripeness.

This root appears to relate to depressions or hollows in the ground, particularly those that retain moisture and support vegetation. It also describes the act of digging such depressions, often caused by flowing water.

The root ثور (thwr) primarily relates to the concept of stirring, moving, or turning, often associated with plowing or agitation. It also extends to specific entities like bulls, celestial bodies, geographical locations, and tribal names, likely derived from the idea of movement or prominence.

This root primarily concerns raising one's voice, particularly in supplication, distress, or distressful situations. It extends to the sounds of animals, the abundance and height of plants, and descriptions of physical attributes like size and throat sensations.

The root جبر (j-b-r) primarily relates to mending, repairing, and restoring what is broken or lacking. It extends to concepts of compulsion, overwhelming force, and also encompasses terms for powerful rulers and certain days or places.

The root جثر (j-th-r) primarily relates to concepts of wideness, abundance, and expansion. It is often used to describe water, blood, or physical spaces that are broad or flowing copiously. It also extends to describe the middle or widest part of something, and can refer to specific geographical locations or types of plant matter.

This root primarily concerns holes, burrows, and cavities dug into the earth by animals or for shelter. It extends to concepts of being confined, sheltered, or hiding within such spaces. Metaphorically, it can refer to severe drought years that force people into their homes.

This root primarily describes a short, curly-haired man, with related terms for the female equivalent and the act of throwing someone down. It also appears as a proper name.

This root primarily describes something large, bulky, and stout, often applied to animals like horses and camels, emphasizing their robust build and sometimes their physical conformation.

This root primarily concerns concepts of fullness, emptiness, and expansion, often with negative connotations of sluggishness, weakness, or unpleasantness. It extends to describe physical states of being bloated or hollow, as well as moral failings like cowardice and poor hygiene.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being large or bulky. The primary derived terms describe something or someone as being physically imposing or massive.

This root primarily concerns the concept of an origin, root, or base of something, whether literal like a plant's root or abstract like the origin of a lineage or a concept. It also extends to meanings of cutting, uprooting, and completeness, particularly in mathematical contexts.

This root primarily relates to standing firm, being erect, or being firmly rooted. It extends to concepts of being steadfast, unyielding, and also to plants that are established but not yet tall.

This root primarily relates to the act of dragging or pulling, and by extension, to cutting or slaughtering. It also encompasses terms for vegetables, particularly carrots, and a specific village official responsible for hosting guests.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of proceeding, executing, and daring. It extends to descriptions of bravery, boldness, and physical robustness, particularly in animals. It also encompasses the meaning of a bridge and related terms.

The root جشر primarily relates to concepts of moving out to pasture, camping away from home, and the associated roughness or coarseness. It extends to meanings of dryness, roughness, hoarseness, and even certain types of marine stones and plant parts.

This root appears to describe a state of being intensely focused or fixed, often with a sense of eagerness or greed. It can also refer to a physical posture of being erect or standing firm.

The root جعر (j-ʿ-r) primarily relates to excrement, feces, and the act of defecation, particularly in animals. It extends to concepts of dryness, hardness, and unpleasantness associated with these bodily functions. The root also encompasses derived meanings related to specific objects, places, and even animal names, often metaphorically linked to the core concept of excrement or its characteristics.

This root primarily describes something thick, stout, or short, often with negative connotations of being unrefined or unattractive. It extends to actions of striking someone down and to individuals who are short and stocky.