Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes anatomical parts of the throat and neck region, specifically fleshy areas. It also extends to meanings related to restraining, holding back, or causing something to remain in place, particularly with animals. Finally, it encompasses a state of anger or agitation.

This entry discusses the particle 'laqad' (لَقَدْ), which is formed by adding the emphatic particle 'laam' (لَ) to the particle 'qad' (قَدْ). It serves to emphasize past actions, indicating certainty and often a sense of completion or significance.

The root لكد (lakada) primarily relates to sticking, adhering, or clinging, often due to a viscous substance or persistent attachment. It can describe food sticking to the mouth, a person being inseparable from another, or dirt adhering to the body. It also extends to meanings of striking, pushing, and dealing with difficult situations.

This root appears to relate to the concept of humility, specifically a form of self-abasement or lowliness.

This root primarily concerns concepts of oppression, injustice, and causing harm or distress. It extends to physical burdens, ailments, and forceful actions like pushing or striking. It also touches upon specific types of food and a particular way of assisting someone in a dispute.

This root describes someone or something that is stubborn, unyielding, and difficult to influence. It conveys a sense of inflexibility and resistance to guidance or justice.

This root primarily describes the state of being soft, tender, supple, and well-nourished, particularly in relation to plants, youth, and vitality. It also extends to concepts of growth, abundance, and the acquisition of good things.

This root appears to relate to concepts of permanence, eternity, and enduring places. It is primarily used in classical poetry to describe locations that are ancient, lasting, or perhaps even eternal.

This root pertains to the concept of staying or remaining in a place. It describes the act of settling down and abiding in a location.

This root pertains to the act of hiding, concealing oneself, and observing from a hidden vantage point. It specifically relates to observing an enemy from behind or between stones, acting as a scout or spy.

The root مجد primarily relates to nobility, honor, generosity, and high status. It extends to concepts of praise, greatness, and abundance, particularly in relation to sustenance and wealth. The root also encompasses terms for specific historical figures and tribal lineages.

This root primarily concerns the concept of extending, stretching, or prolonging something, whether in space or time. It also encompasses the idea of providing support or aid, and can refer to a duration or a specific period.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being confined, restricted, or a specific geographical location. It is primarily found in classical texts, particularly in relation to historical and geographical descriptions.

This root primarily relates to the concept of relaxation, ease, and becoming comfortable. It describes a state of being at rest, unburdened, and in a relaxed posture.

This root primarily relates to finding or encountering something, often with a sense of seeking or obtaining. It can also denote a place of meeting or a source.

This root primarily concerns the concept of twisting, braiding, or tightly forming something, especially ropes or cords. It extends to describe well-formed, compact, or strong physical structures and, metaphorically, persistent or steady effort.

This root primarily relates to elevated landforms like plateaus and mountain peaks. It also extends to concepts of intense cold, rain, thunder, and various forms of forceful contact or consumption, including sucking and sexual intercourse.

This root appears to relate to the concept of binding or gathering, particularly in a Yemeni dialect. It is associated with the act of bandaging the head and the general idea of collecting or assembling things.

The root مغد primarily relates to the act of sucking, drawing liquid, or consuming. It extends to concepts of nourishment, growth, and fullness, particularly in the context of youth and soft living. It also encompasses meanings related to plucking, and in some contexts, sexual intercourse and specific plants or fruits.

This root primarily concerns a place name, 'Maqd', and derived terms related to a specific type of drink originating from it. It also touches upon a type of garment associated with the same origin.

This root appears to primarily denote a place name, specifically a location mentioned in classical poetry. The derived terms relate to geographical locations and possibly the act of calling out or lamenting in such places.

The root مهد primarily relates to making something smooth, level, soft, or prepared. This encompasses concepts like preparing a place, making things easy, and providing comfort, often associated with bedding or a resting place. It also extends to preparing good things for oneself and smoothing out affairs.

This root primarily denotes a severe, overwhelming calamity or disaster. It describes a significant event that causes distress or forces difficult actions, often implying a sense of being compelled or afflicted by such a situation.

This root primarily relates to the act of rising, emerging, or becoming prominent, often in a sudden or forceful manner. It can describe physical phenomena like bubbling or eruption, as well as more abstract concepts of appearance or prominence.

This root appears to relate to the concept of settling, becoming still, or accumulating at the bottom of a container. It is primarily discussed in a classical context, with potential variations in pronunciation and meaning.

The root نجد (najada) primarily relates to elevated, high, or prominent landforms. It extends to concepts of rising, ascending, and reaching high points, both literally and figuratively. This includes pathways, elevated terrain, and even the act of reaching or achieving something significant.

The root نجد (najada) primarily relates to concepts of hardship, difficulty, and ruggedness, often in a physical or situational sense. It extends to bravery, strength, and overcoming challenges, as well as providing aid and support. The root also encompasses geographical features like elevated land and specific types of plants.

This root primarily concerns the concept of animals, particularly camels and livestock, becoming wild, fleeing, and scattering. It extends to the idea of being separate, dispersed, or deviating from the norm. Metaphorically, it can refer to speaking ill of someone, raising one's voice, or being a rival or equal.

This root primarily relates to a type of container or basket, specifically one used for transporting dates. It also encompasses the game of backgammon, which is of foreign origin.

The root نشد primarily concerns the act of seeking, calling out, or inquiring, often with a raised voice. This encompasses searching for lost items, asking for something earnestly, and even the act of reciting poetry aloud. It also extends to recognizing or identifying something/someone.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stacking, layering, or arranging things one upon another, often in a neat or orderly fashion. It extends to describe the resulting arrangement, such as piled goods, layered clouds, or even social hierarchies and groups.

This root primarily concerns the concept of depletion, exhaustion, or coming to an end. It extends to ideas of passing through, exceeding, or being sufficient, often in the context of resources, time, or physical limits.

The root نقد (naqada) primarily relates to the act of distinguishing, separating, and examining, often in the context of money or goods. It extends to concepts of striking, pecking, and even biting or stinging, as well as describing certain types of sheep and trees.

This root primarily concerns hardship, scarcity, misfortune, and unpleasantness. It extends to concepts of stinginess, difficulty in life, and things that bring ill fortune. It also has a specific meaning related to camels that are abundant in milk due to the death of their offspring.

This root primarily relates to the name Nimrod, a famous king. There is a discussion about its potential etymological origin from the concept of rebellion or defiance.

The root نهد (nahada) primarily relates to rising, swelling, and prominence, both physically and metaphorically. It describes the physical development of breasts, the substantial build of animals, and the filling of containers. It also extends to concepts of rising to action, offering support, and contributing resources.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of swaying, nodding, or moving gently, often associated with drowsiness or a gentle rocking motion. It can also refer to the movement of the head and shoulders.

This root primarily concerns the colocynth plant (حنظل), its fruit, seeds, and the process of preparing its seeds for consumption. It also extends to actions related to obtaining and processing the plant and its seeds, and includes several place names and a horse's name.

This root appears to relate to something being prepared, made ready, or perhaps a specific type of dish. The primary usage seems to be in a proverbial phrase describing a situation or event.

The root هجد (h-j-d) primarily relates to the concept of sleeping, particularly at night. However, it also carries a significant semantic extension to the act of praying at night, often implying staying awake for worship. This duality makes it a root with opposing meanings (antonyms).

This root primarily describes thick, curdled, or sour milk. It also extends to meanings related to eye ailments, specifically a type of cloudiness or weakness of vision, and can refer to a type of tree resin.

The root 'h-r-d' primarily denotes tearing, ripping, and shredding. It extends to meanings of intense cooking or maturation, and also refers to specific plants and dyes, often associated with yellow or saffron colors. Some derived terms also appear as proper nouns or place names.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to an old woman. Its semantic scope is narrow and specific.