Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to be related to a specific type of measurement or weighing, possibly a type of scale or balance. It is mentioned in the context of Persian terminology and its authenticity is questioned.

This root primarily relates to coating, plastering, or coloring surfaces, often with specific materials like gypsum or saffron. It also extends to baked clay bricks (like terracotta or tiles) and, metaphorically, to tightness or constriction, particularly in describing women's attire or physical attributes.

This root appears to be a misspelling of 'فرهد' (farhada), referring to something soft, tender, and plump. It also has a derived meaning related to the young of mountain goats.

This root primarily describes something or someone as being strong, robust, and thick. It often refers to physical attributes like a thick neck or a powerful build, implying resilience and sturdiness.

This root primarily concerns the residue or dregs left after processing dairy products, particularly butter and ghee. It also extends to a type of herb known for its milky sap.

The root 'قصد' (q-s-d) primarily denotes aiming, intending, or heading towards something. It extends to concepts of straightness, moderation, justice, and correctness, contrasting with deviation or excess. It also encompasses breaking or being broken, and specific meanings related to poetry and physical attributes.

This root primarily concerns the concept of aiming, intending, or directing oneself or an object towards a specific goal or target. It extends to notions of striking a target accurately, reaching a destination, and by extension, dying or being fatally struck.

This root primarily relates to sitting, staying, and remaining in a place. It extends to concepts of being settled, stationary, or even immobile. Derived meanings include concepts of guarding, specific types of plants, and physical characteristics.

This root primarily describes a type of strike to the back of the head, and also relates to physical characteristics of animals and humans, particularly concerning the neck, limbs, and gait. It can also refer to specific types of headwear and containers.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being short, squat, or stunted in stature. It describes a physical characteristic of being low to the ground or having a compact build.

This root appears to describe something or someone with a strong, perhaps stubborn or unyielding, head. It is primarily used in a quadriliteral form to denote a specific characteristic of being "strong-headed."

This root appears to relate to the concept of curling or becoming curly, specifically in reference to hair. It is closely associated with another root, قلعط, which shares a similar semantic field.

This root primarily denotes strength, firmness, and robustness, often applied to physical attributes like a strong neck or a stout build. It can also extend to meanings of stubbornness, refusal, and steadfastness, whether in a positive or negative context.

This root pertains to the back of the head, specifically the prominent part of the skull at the nape. It describes the occipital protuberance and the area just above the neck.

This root describes a state of being stiff, unyielding, or stubborn. It also relates to physical characteristics of being pot-bellied or having a relaxed lower abdomen.

This root primarily relates to the physical act of raising the head, often in a specific manner. It extends to meanings of death, immobility, and even a peculiar trembling motion in young birds.

The root قند primarily relates to concentrated sugary substances, particularly from sugarcane, and by extension, to things made from it. It also extends to describe states of being, qualities, and specific items like dates and perfumes, and even fast animals.

This root appears to be related to describing a person's state or condition. It also has a specific derived meaning related to wine.

This root primarily concerns the hedgehog, a small, spiny mammal. It also includes variations in the spelling or pronunciation of this animal's name.

This root primarily describes things that are pale, white, or light-colored, particularly young animals like fawns, calves, and lambs. It also extends to descriptions of physical characteristics such as being short-tailed, hornless, or having a specific gait. Additionally, it refers to a type of narcissus flower and a place name.

This root appears to describe someone of low origin or poor character, and also someone who is physically unattractive.

The root ق-و-د primarily relates to the act of leading or guiding, often by pulling or holding something. It encompasses leading animals by a rope, driving them, and by extension, leadership, control, and submission. The root also extends to concepts of length, straightness, and even retribution (retaliation).

The root قيد (q-y-d) primarily relates to the concept of binding, restraining, or limiting something. This extends to physical restraints like shackles or ropes, as well as metaphorical limitations such as vows, knowledge, or the speed of a horse that 'binds' its prey. It also encompasses marking or branding, and specific measurements or durations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of difficulty, hardship, and arduousness. It describes things that are challenging to undertake, endure, or overcome, often implying a struggle or a taxing effort. The root also extends to related ideas like fear and the physical frailty of old age.

This root primarily denotes the upper part of the back and shoulders of humans and animals, encompassing the area from the neck to the lower shoulders, including the nape and the space between the shoulder blades. It can also refer to a star or constellation.

The root كدد (k-d-d) primarily denotes hardship, exertion, and difficulty, especially in work and seeking sustenance. It extends to concepts of persistence, exhaustion, and the physical characteristics of tough or worn-out things, including land and objects.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of driving away, repelling, and pushing. It extends to meanings of chasing, warding off, and forcefully moving something or someone. Additionally, it encompasses terms for the neck, a specific posture, and a group of people.

This root appears to be a place name. However, its etymological origin and meaning in Classical Arabic are uncertain, with scholars expressing doubt about its authenticity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stagnation, lack of demand, and being unsaleable, particularly in the context of markets and goods. It can also extend to a general sense of being inferior or of poor quality.

This root primarily relates to a specific method of milking, characterized by using a few fingers. It also extends to meanings of cutting with teeth and, metaphorically, to diligent effort in earning and maintaining family ties.

This root primarily concerns paper, its origin, and its use. It refers to a specific type of paper, often of Persian origin, and its associated qualities.

This root primarily relates to the concept of hardness, solidity, and density, particularly concerning land and physical build. It extends to meanings of gathering or piling up, and also encompasses terms for toughness and maturity in animals and people.

This root appears to be primarily used for proper nouns, specifically personal names and kunyas (honorifics) among Arab tribes. It does not seem to have broader semantic extensions into common vocabulary.

This root primarily concerns changes in color, often associated with fading or dullness. It extends to emotional states like suppressed grief and sadness, and also to physical applications like warming compresses for pain relief.

This root appears to relate to concepts of trembling, weakness, or a state of being overwhelmed, possibly linked to young or small creatures. It also touches upon specific, perhaps archaic, terms for objects or conditions.

The root 'knd' primarily relates to ingratitude, denial of blessings, and cutting off ties. It extends to describe barren land and also refers to a specific Arab tribe.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of fish, possibly a type of sea bream or similar fish. The term is used in classical poetry to describe food items.

This root primarily concerns the concept of moving quickly, often with effort or urgency. It extends to meanings of trembling, persistence in seeking, and causing exhaustion.

The root كود primarily relates to the concept of nearing or approaching something, often with the implication of almost doing it but not quite. It also extends to meanings of effort, desire, and gathering or accumulating things.

The root كيد (kayd) primarily relates to the concepts of nearing, attempting, plotting, and deceiving. It encompasses actions of approaching a task, devising schemes, and engaging in trickery or cunning. The root also extends to meanings of striving, enduring hardship, and in some contexts, physical processes like vomiting or menstruation.

The root لبد (l-b-d) primarily denotes sticking, adhering, or remaining firmly in place. This extends to concepts of staying put, being dense or compacted, and also to specific objects or beings characterized by this adherence, such as certain animals or types of clothing.

This root appears to relate to the act of clenching or closing something tightly, specifically the fist. It describes a forceful, compact action.

This root primarily concerns the act of gathering, consolidating, and arranging things, particularly food or possessions. It also extends to the concept of a settled group of people.

This root primarily relates to the sides of things, particularly the neck and valleys. It extends to meanings of turning or looking around in confusion, administering medicine into the side of the mouth, and intense, stubborn argumentation.

This root primarily describes the act of licking or lapping, particularly by animals. It extends to the concept of suckling, especially a young animal consuming milk from its mother.