Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root describes something or someone that is strong, powerful, and robust, particularly in the context of work or endurance. It is primarily applied to animals like camels and donkeys.

This root primarily relates to the physical actions of disturbing, moving, or fleeing, often in the context of the ground or an animal. It also encompasses the idea of something being worn away or becoming indistinct, and refers to a specific type of plant.

The root كرص (k-r-ṣ) primarily relates to the concept of crushing, pounding, or grinding something into a fine state. It is often associated with food preparation, particularly with dairy products like cheese (a form of dried yogurt). The root also extends to the idea of gathering or collecting.

This root primarily concerns sounds, particularly faint or fearful ones, and also encompasses concepts of distress, constriction, and physical attributes like shortness and stoutness. It extends to the act of fleeing and the tools or places associated with hunting.

The root كعص appears to relate to sounds and consumption, specifically the sound of small creatures and the act of eating. It may also have a less common association with negative character traits.

This root primarily describes the act of mocking, sneering, or showing contempt, often through facial expressions like twitching the nose. It can also refer to the act of gathering or collecting, particularly in a secretive or preparatory manner.

This root primarily describes concepts related to isolation, stinginess, and meanness. It extends to meanings of eating alone, being solitary, and exhibiting stingy or miserly behavior. The root also encompasses terms for a short, stout person and a haughty or arrogant disposition.

This root appears to relate to a specific, perhaps onomatopoeic, sound or action associated with fear or distress. It describes a vocalization or physical reaction.

The root لحص (l-ḥ-ṣ) primarily denotes concepts of tightness, constriction, difficulty, and being stuck or entangled. It extends to meanings of being held back, being trapped in a predicament, and also to the act of clarifying or meticulously examining something.

This root primarily concerns the idea of clarifying, explaining, and summarizing information. It also extends to physical descriptions related to fat, particularly around the eyes and eyelids, and a specific veterinary practice involving the eye.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stealing and thieves, with various terms for a thief, the act of stealing, and related abstract nouns. It also extends to describe physical closeness or adherence, such as tightly packed teeth, limbs, or shoulders, and in construction, it relates to compact building.

This root primarily relates to difficulty, hardship, and stubbornness, particularly in the context of things becoming difficult or a person being gluttonous. It describes a state of being hard to overcome or deal with.

This root primarily relates to constriction, scarcity, and burning. It also extends to describe someone who is talkative and prone to evil.

This root primarily relates to licking, tasting, or consuming something with the tongue, often with a sense of delicate or subtle action. It also extends to meanings of imitation, slander, and deception, as well as specific food items and places.

This root primarily concerns looking stealthily or furtively, often with the intention of deceiving or persuading someone. It also extends to the act of persuading or manipulating someone towards a certain action or object, and metaphorically to the act of being persuaded or pressured.

This root pertains to the act of moving something from its place, shaking it, or causing it to shift. It also extends to the idea of manipulating or maneuvering someone to extract something they desire.

This root primarily concerns white camels, specifically their appearance and characteristics. It also touches upon a linguistic variation in pronunciation.

The root محص (maḥaṣa) primarily denotes intense speed, vigorous movement, and thorough purification or separation. It extends to meanings of being lean, refined, or stripped of excess, whether physically or metaphorically in terms of sins or impurities.

This root primarily relates to the action of pressing, kneading, or massaging, particularly with the fingers. It also extends to describe a fast-moving she-camel.

This root primarily concerns the act of sucking, drawing liquid, or extracting the essence of something. It extends to meanings of tasting, rinsing, and metaphorically, obtaining a small share of worldly gains. It also encompasses terms for specific plants, ailments, and even insults related to animalistic behavior.

This root primarily concerns sensations of pain, discomfort, and physical ailments, particularly affecting the legs and feet due to exertion or specific conditions. It also extends to meanings related to twisting, constriction, and certain types of livestock.

This root primarily concerns sharp, cutting pains in the lower abdomen and intestines. It also extends to describe a specific type of excellent, pure white camel.

This root primarily concerns the concept of slipping, sliding, or detaching. It extends to the premature expulsion of a fetus, the act of escaping or slipping away, and things that are slippery or difficult to grasp. It also has applications to speed and certain specific objects or places.

The root 'موص' primarily relates to the act of washing, particularly a gentle or thorough cleansing. It extends to the residue or water from washing, and metaphorically to purifying or cleansing something of blame. It also has a less common meaning related to trade in straw.

This root primarily concerns the act of making a soft, whistling, or clicking sound, often with the lips, typically to attract or call animals like birds or dogs. It also extends to the idea of speaking or uttering a word, particularly a weak or indistinct sound.

This root describes the wasting away or emaciation of flesh, particularly due to old age or illness. It conveys a sense of becoming thin, gaunt, or hollowed out.

This root primarily describes the act of emerging, protruding, or bursting forth, often in an unwelcome or sudden manner. It also extends to the idea of appearing unexpectedly with something negative, and describes individuals who are prone to such unwelcome appearances or behaviors.

This root primarily denotes the concept of rising, elevation, or upward movement. It extends to meanings of being high or prominent, and metaphorically to being estranged or moving away. It also encompasses related ideas like being startled or agitated.

This root primarily relates to movement, specifically shaking, swaying, or trembling. It also appears in place names and personal names, though its etymological authenticity is questioned by some classical lexicographers.

This root primarily concerns the concept of spoiling, marring, or making something unpleasant or impure. It often relates to the spoiling of one's life, happiness, or provisions, and can also refer to a specific practice of adulterating livestock at a watering trough.

This root primarily concerns the forceful expulsion or ejection of liquid, particularly urine, often in a sudden or repeated manner. It extends to related concepts like a sudden burst of blood, a type of disease causing such expulsion in sheep, and metaphorically, excessive laughter or a quick, darting movement.

This root primarily concerns the concept of decrease, deficiency, or loss. It encompasses ideas of reduction in quantity, value, or quality, as well as the act of causing or experiencing such a reduction. It can also refer to flaws, defects, or even a pleasant aroma.

This root primarily concerns the concept of retreating, turning back, or recoiling, often from a commitment or a forward movement. It can describe a physical backward step or a more abstract withdrawal from a decision or action, particularly when turning away from something good.

The root نمص (namaṣa) primarily relates to the plucking or thinning of hair, particularly from the face or eyebrows. It extends to describe fine, downy hair, and also has meanings related to plants, specifically young shoots or grazed vegetation, and a type of reed.

This root primarily deals with concepts of oppression, injustice, and wrongdoing. It encompasses the act of inflicting harm or suffering upon someone, often in a forceful or tyrannical manner.

This root primarily concerns movement, specifically preparation for movement, actual motion, and escape or evasion. It also extends to meanings of yielding, advancing, and even generosity.

This root primarily relates to the concept of movement, particularly a weak or hesitant motion. It also encompasses the meaning of a large hedgehog and the act of dislodging or moving something from its place.

This root primarily denotes energetic, rapid, and restless movement, often with a sense of eagerness or impatience. It can describe general activity, hurried walking, or a dog's keenness and agitation when hunting.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being covered or infested with something, particularly insects or a rash. It also extends to the idea of a body becoming covered in a rash or eruption.

This root appears to describe slow, creeping movement, specifically that of a worm. It also includes a term for a short person, possibly related to a stunted or slow growth.

This root primarily relates to hardness, firmness, and intense gripping or pressing. It extends to concepts of crushing, sparkling, and intense qualities, particularly in animals like lions.

This root appears to relate to the fruit of a plant that is edible. The primary derived lemma describes this specific fruit.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of remnant or scar on a camel's hindquarters, possibly a mark left from a wound or ailment.

This root appears to be related to loud laughter and excessive talkativeness. The primary derived term describes a boisterous laugh, while another term, though noted as uncertain, refers to someone who talks a lot.

This root primarily relates to the action of birds, specifically their droppings or excrement. It also extends to meanings of violence, force, and the act of throwing or striking.

This root primarily denotes the action of striking or hitting the ground, often with a forceful impact. It can also imply a thorough examination or probing of the earth.

This root primarily concerns the concept of shining, gleaming, or sparkling. It extends to descriptions of brightness, light, and even the appearance of new growth or the opening of eyes. It also has metaphorical uses related to perception and trust.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a pustule or eruption on the skin, particularly on the face of a young woman. It also extends to a figurative meaning of coldness or lack of vitality in a place or time, and a general sense of illness or ailment.