Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the concept of something being 'nothing' or 'non-existent', particularly in the context of cold or any tangible thing. It is often used in negative constructions to emphasize the complete absence of something.

This root appears to relate to the act of speaking or communicating, specifically in the context of incomplete or interrupted speech. It describes the manner in which words are conveyed, often implying a lack of full articulation or completion.

This root primarily relates to a state of relaxation, looseness, or yielding, often in the context of animals or elderly individuals. It can also refer to the act of paying a deposit or earnest money.

This root primarily relates to the concept of making something narrow, small, or constricted, particularly in the context of veiling and vision. It also extends to the idea of small openings or apertures, and by extension, to the firmness or solidity of the ground.

This root primarily deals with the concept of holding or retaining water, specifically referring to a place designed for this purpose. It also encompasses related ideas of containment and possibly blockage.

This root primarily concerns the concept of breaking, crushing, or shortening, particularly related to the neck. It extends to descriptions of physical conditions like a short neck, the act of breaking something, and even specific gaits of animals. It also has a specialized meaning in Islamic jurisprudence regarding livestock taxation.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of crushing, breaking, and pressing something soft or yielding. It extends to forceful actions like throwing or pushing down, and metaphorically to the subjugation or breaking of a person, often through intense pressure or impact.

This root primarily relates to the act of opening the eyes, particularly for a newborn animal. It also encompasses the broader meaning of opening or piercing, with variations in pronunciation and usage.

The root ءبض (ʾ-b-ḍ) primarily relates to binding, tightening, and restraining, particularly in the context of animals. It extends to concepts of stillness, firmness, and the physical parts of the body where such bindings might occur. Figuratively, it can also refer to time or specific locations.

This root primarily concerns hardship, distress, and being compelled or driven to a place of refuge. It describes the feeling of being pained, exhausted, or forced by circumstances, often leading to a need for shelter or a place to escape to.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of firm resolve, unwavering determination, and the act of speaking with conviction. It also touches upon the idea of deception or conveying something other than one's true intentions, and the notion of falsehood or doubt.

This root primarily concerns the state of not being fully cooked or ripe, applied to both meat and fruit. It also extends to the concept of something reaching its maturity or completion, particularly in the context of date palms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of returning, going back, or becoming something else. It encompasses physical return to a place, a return to a previous state, and the transformation of one thing into another.

This root primarily concerns the slow or slight oozing or flowing of liquid, often water or milk. It extends to concepts of scarcity, small amounts, and by extension, a delicate or tender physical state, particularly in skin and complexion.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of hatred, animosity, and dislike, as opposed to love. It encompasses various degrees of aversion, from general dislike to intense hatred, and includes related concepts like making something hated or becoming hated.

This root primarily concerns things that are difficult, burdensome, or heavy. It describes a task or situation that is challenging to undertake or bear, often implying a significant effort or strain.

This root primarily relates to the act of laying eggs, specifically by birds. It can also extend to concepts of settling in a place or the improvement of one's appearance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being pleased, satisfied, or content. It can also extend to the idea of accepting something willingly or approving of it. The derived forms often describe a state of inner contentment or external agreement.

This root primarily relates to biting or gnawing, but its derived forms extend to specific types of dates and, metaphorically, to a constricted or tight situation. It also appears in descriptions of texture or quality.

The root جحض (jaḥaḍa) primarily relates to the act of pushing or thrusting forward, often with a sense of force or aggression. It is particularly associated with the aggressive behavior of rams and the forceful protrusion of eyes.

This root appears to describe something or someone of great physical stature or size. The primary terms relate to being large in creation or build.

This root appears to relate to heaviness, sluggishness, and being burdensome. It is used to describe a person who is slow, ponderous, and difficult to move or deal with.

This root appears to describe heaviness, bulkiness, and a large appetite or stomach. It also carries connotations of being solid and strong.

This root primarily describes the act of charging or attacking forcefully, often with a weapon like a sword. It can also refer to a specific proud or strutting gait.

This root appears to describe heaviness, slowness, and a lack of agility. It is used to characterize someone or something as being ponderous or sluggish.

This root primarily concerns the premature expulsion of offspring, particularly by a camel, but extends to the act of causing a miscarriage or abortion. It also encompasses meanings related to overcoming, preventing, or causing someone to move away from something, and in a derived sense, refers to a determined or strong-willed person.

This root appears to be very limited in usage, primarily referring to a specific place name and a descriptive term for a man.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of deviating, swerving, or turning away from something. It also extends to describe a proud, strutting gait and, in a specific context, a sudden, panicked movement.

This root primarily concerns intense, sudden, or irregular movement, striking, or pulsation. It extends to concepts of failure, depletion, weakness, and even death, often in a forceful or abrupt manner. It also encompasses the sound associated with such movements.

This root appears to relate to descriptions of camels, specifically their noble qualities and lean, emaciated state. It also seems to describe a type of camel.

The root حضض (ḥaḍaḍa) primarily relates to urging, inciting, or stimulating someone or something. It extends to concepts of pushing forward, encouraging action, and can also refer to specific substances like medicine or plant resin, as well as geographical locations at the base of mountains.

The root حفض (ḥafḍa) primarily relates to bending, curving, or bringing something down. It extends to meanings of throwing, casting down, and also encompasses terms for household goods, baggage, and the animals that carry them. Additionally, it can refer to a tent pole or a type of stone construction.

The root حوض (ḥawḍ) primarily relates to the concept of collecting and gathering, especially water. It extends to the physical structure that holds water (a basin or pond) and metaphorically to a gathering place or a protective enclosure. The root also encompasses actions related to forming or tending to such structures and figuratively to surrounding or dealing with a matter.

This root primarily concerns the menstrual cycle in women, including the act of menstruating, the period itself, and related concepts. It also extends metaphorically to the flowing or outpouring of liquids, such as floods or sap from trees, and to the concept of a place or time associated with menstruation.

This root appears to relate to descriptions of young, beautiful, and fair women. It specifically describes a young woman who is recently mature, fair-skinned, and healthy.

The root خوض (khawḍ) primarily relates to the act of wading or walking through water, stirring it up. This core meaning extends metaphorically to delving into matters, engaging in discussions, and even to improper or deceitful involvement in affairs or wealth.

This root primarily relates to mixing, blending, or immersing something. It can describe the act of entering into something, wading through it, or the state of being mixed or mingled.

This root appears to relate to the concept of fullness, completeness, or lack of deficiency, particularly in relation to animal hides or flesh. It describes a state where there is no loss or reduction, implying a healthy and well-nourished condition.

The root 'دحض' primarily relates to slipping, sliding, and instability. It extends to concepts of invalidity, falsehood, and the inability to stand firm, both physically and metaphorically. It also encompasses the idea of searching or probing with one's foot.

This root primarily deals with the concept of sinking, diving, and slipping. It extends to the movement of celestial bodies, specifically the sun's descent from the zenith, and also refers to specific locations and a type of small creature.