Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily deals with the concept of scraping, abrading, or burning the skin or flesh. It extends to describing women who shave their faces, implying a harsh or damaging action.

This root appears to relate to the concept of markings, adornments, or possibly a type of garment. The primary usage in the provided text refers to a specific type of armor or coat of mail adorned with markings.

The root 'ميش' primarily denotes the act of mixing or blending various substances, such as cotton, wool, hair, milk, or even truth and falsehood. It can also refer to the act of milking partially or to household goods.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of delay, remoteness, and taking something from a distance. It also extends to meanings of slow movement, taking hold of something, and, in a less common usage, resurrection or revival.

The root نبش (nabasha) primarily concerns the act of digging up or excavating something that has been buried, especially the dead. It extends to extracting roots of plants and can metaphorically refer to delving into or disturbing matters.

The root نتش (ntsh) primarily relates to the act of plucking, pulling, or extracting something, often with a sense of quickness or smallness. It extends to meanings of acquiring or earning, as well as describing the initial growth of plants and the act of eating vegetation.

The root نجش (najasha) primarily relates to stirring up, exciting, or drawing something out, often with the connotation of hidden or elusive things. This extends to concepts of spreading information, stimulating animals for hunting, and artificially inflating prices in trade. It also encompasses notions of speed and urgency, and in a specific context, refers to the Ethiopian kings.

This root appears to relate to burnt or scorched food, specifically bread. It describes the state of being burnt or the burnt pieces themselves.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being thin, emaciated, or having little flesh. It also extends to meanings of stirring, disturbing, nudging, or urging something, often with a sense of roughness or irritation. Additionally, it can refer to scraping or peeling something off.

The root 'ndsh' primarily relates to searching, seeking, and a small amount of taking or gathering. It also encompasses the idea of picking or plucking something, particularly in the context of cotton.

This root appears to relate to the act of taking or receiving something with the hand. It is a less common root with limited attested usage.

This root primarily describes a state of being strong, robust, or firmly established, particularly in terms of physical constitution or immobility. It can also denote a lack of movement or strength, used idiomatically.

The root 'نعش' primarily relates to lifting, raising, and reviving. It encompasses the physical act of elevating something, such as a bier, and metaphorically extends to reviving someone from hardship, poverty, or a fall. It also denotes the bier itself and celestial bodies.

This root primarily describes movement, often characterized as slight, weak, or agitated. It can refer to the physical stirring of an object, the bustling of a place with inhabitants, or a subtle internal movement. It also extends to the concept of being short or stunted in stature and the intermingling of things.

This root primarily concerns the act of engraving, carving, or incising designs onto a surface. It extends to related actions like picking, extracting, or meticulously examining something, often with a sense of detail or thoroughness. The concept also encompasses the resulting mark or pattern, and tools used for such work.

The root نكش (nakasha) primarily relates to the concept of exhausting, depleting, or finishing something, particularly resources like water from a well or vegetation. It can also metaphorically describe a deep, inexhaustible quality, such as courage or knowledge.

The root نهش (nahasha) primarily describes a type of biting or taking with the mouth, specifically a less severe bite that doesn't necessarily cause a deep wound. It extends to concepts of taking or grasping, often implying a weak or hesitant action, and can also refer to being emaciated or worn out.

The root نوش (n-w-sh) primarily relates to the act of reaching for, grasping, or taking something, often with a sense of effort or distance. It extends to concepts of touching, interacting, and even bestowing or receiving benefits.

The root هبش (habasha) primarily denotes gathering, collecting, and acquiring, often with an implication of effort or resourcefulness. It extends to meanings of amassing wealth, bringing people together, and even striking forcefully or milking. The root encompasses both the act of gathering and the result of that gathering.

This root primarily describes the act of inciting or provoking an animal, particularly a wild beast or dog, to aggression or activity. It also extends to a human context, implying instigation towards liveliness or action.

This root primarily concerns the concept of inciting, provoking, or instigating conflict, particularly among animals like dogs. It extends to the idea of fighting, quarreling, and vigorous activity, especially in the context of horses. It also includes place names.

This root appears to be related to describing an old or worn-out female camel. The derived terms specifically denote a camel that has reached an advanced age.

This root primarily concerns concepts of softness, fragility, and ease, extending to emotional states of joy, eagerness, and responsiveness. It also covers actions related to breaking, shaking, and gathering, particularly in the context of plants and animals.

This root appears to be related to names, specifically personal names. The entry lists two names derived from this root.

This root primarily concerns rapid, often indistinct or excessive, movement and speech. It extends to quick actions with fingers, the rustling or stirring of insects or locusts, and can also denote eating quickly or even biting.

This root primarily describes an old, agitated woman, or an agitated state of being. It extends to describe a vigorous she-camel and a dog's name, all linked by a sense of restless movement or a rough, unkempt appearance.

This root primarily concerns concepts of mixing, confusion, disorder, and commotion. It extends to notions of spreading out, scattering, and also gathering in a mixed or chaotic way. It can also refer to corruption, فساد, and large, mixed crowds.

This root primarily concerns concepts of mixing, mingling, and confusion, often leading to conflict or disorder. It extends to describe groups of people, disturbances, and even specific ailments.

This root primarily relates to white spots or blemishes, particularly on fingernails. It extends to describe mixed or scattered groups of people, plants, or even undesirable qualities in speech or physical appearance.

This root primarily deals with concepts of inferiority, weakness, and worthlessness. It describes something as bad, lowly, or insignificant, often in the context of people or possessions.

This root primarily concerns concepts of baseness, inferiority, and worthlessness, often applied to people or things. It can also denote drying up, becoming withered, or being submissive and yielding.

This root appears to relate to corruption, decay, or ruin. It is used by Ibn al-A'rabi to define 'al-waddash' as corruption.

This root primarily concerns the idea of intruding, freeloading, or eagerly consuming food or drink, often without invitation. It also extends to meanings of being active, energetic, or nimble, and can refer to specific animals or parts of the eye.

This root primarily describes lightness, speed, and agility, often applied to people and animals. It also extends to meanings related to indistinct or hushed speech, and a resemblance or likeness.

The root 'وطش' primarily relates to the concepts of pushing away, repelling, and giving or withholding something. It also extends to meanings of opening up, clarifying, and preparing, as well as delaying or procrastinating in payment.

This root pertains to people who are base, ignoble, or of low standing. It describes a group of such individuals, emphasizing their lack of worth or social position.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of sound, movement, and rustling, often associated with subtle or indistinct noises. It also extends to meanings related to defects, specific individuals, and tribal names.

This root appears to relate to a white spot or mark, possibly on the skin. It is primarily used to describe a specific type of birthmark or blemish.

This root appears to relate to something of poor quality or undesirable. The primary meaning provided is 'bad speech'.

This root primarily relates to the concept of breaking, crushing, or pounding things into small pieces. It describes a forceful action of disintegration.

This root describes a state of being energetic, lively, and swift, particularly in the context of movement, such as a horse or a person in battle. It conveys a sense of spirited activity and readiness.

This root primarily concerns the fruit known as a pear. It discusses the Arabic origin and pronunciation of the word, noting it as a loanword and detailing variations in its usage and spelling.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of food, possibly a Persian dish. It describes a preparation of meat, either raw or lightly cooked, and also refers to the food itself.

This root appears to relate to the concept of origin, source, or place of being. It is used to indicate where something or someone came from.

This root primarily concerns flesh or fleshy growths, particularly around the eyes, feet, and hands. It also extends to meanings related to the eye itself, such as its appearance or being gouged out, and by extension, to the concept of being 'full' or 'plump' in certain contexts.