Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concepts of seeking refuge, being forced into something, and experiencing or causing constriction and narrowness. It extends to physical actions like climbing and approaching, and metaphorically to the shortening or drawing together of shadows.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of gathering, collecting, and contracting, often with a sense of drawing inward or consolidating. It can also extend to meanings of change, transformation, or the inevitable approach of fate.

This root primarily concerns the act of urging or calling an animal, specifically a donkey, to move forward or to drink. It also extends to a metaphorical usage related to achieving one's needs.

This root primarily concerns the act of buying or acquiring, especially wine, and by extension, the wine itself. It also extends to meanings related to burning, affecting, changing, and traveling. Finally, it encompasses the proper noun 'Saba' and its derivatives, referring to a people, a place, and a historical entity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of eggs, particularly those of reptiles and insects, and the act of laying them. It extends to related ideas like fertility and the early stages of insect development, as well as a specific type of tree.

This root primarily concerns the act of treading upon, stepping on, or having sexual intercourse with someone, often with a connotation of force or dominance. It is closely related to the concept of subjugation or overpowering.

This root primarily relates to processing and extracting substances, particularly fats and oils from seeds. It also extends to actions of striking, removing thorns, and describes specific objects like palm thorns, a type of bird, and a weapon.

This root appears to relate to a specific physical characteristic, particularly concerning the shape of the head. It describes a person with a long, dome-like head.

This root appears to describe characteristics of a person or animal, focusing on physical attributes like lightness, stoutness, or head size, and behavioral traits such as boldness or a wide gait.

This root primarily concerns negativity, badness, evil, and misfortune. It extends to concepts of poor quality, illness (specifically leprosy), and unfavorable outcomes, particularly in judgment or accounting.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of milk found in the udder before the main milk flow, and by extension, to things that are bad or unpleasant. It also extends to a metaphorical meaning related to death and a place name.

This root primarily concerns sounds and actions related to driving or calling animals, particularly donkeys. It also extends to meanings of scattering or dispersing, and includes specific terms for certain types of dates and tall palm trees.

This root primarily describes roughness, harshness, and ruggedness, particularly in relation to terrain and stones. It can also extend to describe a harsh or stern disposition.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of emerging, appearing, and parting or dividing. It is used for the appearance of teeth, the act of splitting something, and tools used for parting or combing.

This root primarily concerns the idea of splitting, cracking, or erupting, particularly related to physical phenomena like fingernails, animal tusks, or tree branches. It also extends to the concept of peeling or flaking off.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'will' or 'desire' (مشيئة), often in a divine context. It also extensively discusses the noun 'thing' (شيء) and its various plurals, grammatical treatments, and semantic nuances, including its use in expressions of doubt or emphasis.

This root primarily relates to the concept of 'thing' or 'something' in a general sense. It also extends to notions of coming, bringing, or causing something to happen, often with a sense of urgency or necessity.

This root primarily relates to the delayed opening of eyes in young animals, particularly puppies, before they are ready to see. It extends to concepts of seeking sight before it's fully achieved, and metaphorically, to a lack of clear understanding or insight. It also encompasses notions of fear, weakness, and the origin or foundation of things.

This root primarily relates to the concept of appearing, emerging, or coming forth. It describes something becoming visible or present, often suddenly or unexpectedly.

This root primarily relates to fluids associated with birth, particularly amniotic fluid or fluid on a newborn's head. It also extends to meanings of wetting, washing incompletely, and the ripening of dates. Figuratively, it can describe a sharp, sudden sound or action.

This root primarily concerns the concept of origin, lineage, and foundation. It extends to encompass the idea of abundance and blessing derived from a good origin, and also includes specific, less common meanings like the sound of people and a type of bird.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of hiding, lying low, and clinging to something. It extends to meanings of stealth, concealment, and even clinging to a place or idea. It also touches upon related ideas like stillness and suppression.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of resemblance, similarity, and matching. It also extends to the idea of treating someone gently or kindly, possibly as a secondary or related meaning.

This root primarily concerns the concept of light, illumination, and radiance. It encompasses the physical phenomenon of light, as well as metaphorical uses related to knowledge, guidance, and visibility.

This root appears to be a variant or misspelling of the root ضأن (ḍaʼn), which relates to sheep and prolific offspring. The entry suggests that 'ḍiʼa' might be a less common or erroneous form for 'ḍaniʼa', meaning to have many children.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of lowering, bending, or reducing something, often in a physical sense like lowering one's head or a horse's gait. It extends to metaphorical meanings of humility, demeaning someone, or intensifying an action.

This root appears to be very rare and is marked as neglected by al-Layth. It is cited by Ibn al-A'rabi with a single meaning related to fleeing.

This root appears to relate to the act of expelling contents from the stomach or gut. It also has a less common meaning associated with playing with a specific object.

This root primarily concerns the concept of arriving unexpectedly, appearing suddenly, or emerging from a place. It also extends to the idea of something being new, fresh, or unfamiliar, and by extension, something remarkable or strange.

This root primarily concerns the feeling of fullness and indigestion, particularly after consuming rich or fatty foods. It describes the state of being overstuffed, the sensation of heaviness in the stomach, and the resulting discomfort or change in appetite.

This root appears to describe a person who is slow-witted, foolish, or incompetent. It conveys a sense of being useless or ineffective.

This root primarily concerns the extinguishing of fire, light, or heat. It extends to the cessation of conflict and describes states of embers and dying fire. It also includes terms for weakness and a specific day in the 'old women's days'.

This root describes the concept of adhering closely to the ground or a surface. It conveys a sense of being stuck, clinging, or lying flat and low. The derived terms often imply a state of being immobile or firmly attached.

The root طنء primarily relates to concepts of suspicion, accusation, and hidden feelings or burdens. It also extends to meanings of dwelling, a type of trap, and physical states like clinging or having a swollen spleen. Some uses refer to the last breath or a state of shame.

This root primarily relates to concepts of movement, distance, and obscurity. It encompasses meanings of going, disappearing, and being remote. It also includes terms for sediment and a specific tribal name.

This root pertains to a specific type of speech impediment or sound, characterized by a nasal quality and difficulty with certain consonants. It is also used to describe the sound made by a male goat.

This root primarily concerns the sensation of thirst, its intensity, and related states. It extends to metaphorical uses like longing and physical descriptions of leanness or dryness.

This root primarily deals with concepts of difficulty, crookedness, and deceit. It extends to notions of cunning, trickery, and a bold or audacious nature, particularly in animals like camels.

This root appears to relate to the concept of intention or purpose, specifically in the context of seeking or aiming for something. It also touches upon the idea of being unknown or unrecognized.

This root appears to relate to the outer covering or shell of something, specifically the eggshell. It may also have connections to drowning or being submerged, though this specific entry focuses on the former.

This root describes a speech impediment characterized by excessive repetition of the letter 'fa' (ف). It refers to someone who stutters or has difficulty articulating, specifically with this sound, and the condition itself.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ceasing or stopping an action, often used in negative constructions to mean 'to continue' or 'to not cease'. It also has a secondary meaning related to forgetting or neglecting something.

The root فثء primarily denotes the act of breaking, calming, or cooling something down. This can apply to emotions like anger, physical states like boiling or coldness, or even the intensity of heat.

This root primarily concerns the concept of suddenness, unexpectedness, and surprise. It describes events or actions that occur abruptly, without prior warning or anticipation, often implying an element of shock or being taken unawares.