Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root جرج (j-r-j) primarily denotes concepts of instability, agitation, and movement. It extends to describe the middle or main part of a road, rough terrain, and various types of containers or bags. It also encompasses the act of consuming pasture.

The root جلج primarily relates to the concept of heads, skulls, and by extension, people in large numbers. It also carries meanings related to agitation, distress, and a constricted state, particularly in specific dialects.

This root primarily relates to worthless or insignificant objects, particularly beads or trinkets. It also extends to concepts of cowardice and hesitation when facing an enemy.

This root primarily deals with concepts of swelling, bloating, and distension, particularly in the abdomen of animals due to eating certain plants. It also extends to meanings of being fat, sudden appearance, and a specific type of shrub.

This root primarily refers to specific types of birds, particularly the male bustard and certain water birds. It can also denote a small creature.

The root حجج primarily relates to the concept of 'intention' or 'purpose', evolving to specifically mean 'pilgrimage' to Mecca. It also extends to meanings of 'argument', 'proof', 'reason', and 'path', as well as physical descriptions of bone structures around the eye and skull, and medical terms for treating wounds.

This root primarily relates to argumentation, proof, and justification. It extends to concepts of pilgrimage, and also to physical features like the sides of a mountain or the edge of the eye, and even to specific objects like earrings.

This root primarily describes the act of retreating, hesitating, or stopping short, often due to inability or indecision. It can also refer to remaining in a place or making a loud sound.

The root 'ḥdj' primarily relates to the concept of carrying or loading, particularly in the context of animal transport and women's litters. It also extends to meanings of intense or suspicious staring, and in a more specific sense, to certain types of fruits and plants.

This root primarily relates to smoothness, being well-formed, and rolling or moving something along. It also extends to concepts of being short or small, and the act of twisting or braiding.

This root appears to describe large, robust, or powerful entities, particularly in the context of camels. It conveys a sense of significant size and strength.

This root appears to relate to water sources, specifically those that are brackish or difficult to access. It is primarily used in poetic contexts to describe such waters.

This root primarily relates to sounds and movements associated with the throat and chest, particularly the rattling or gargling sound of breath, often in the context of death. It also extends to describe certain types of water bodies, containers, and even plants.

This root primarily relates to actions of striking, throwing down, and intense emotional states like anger. It also extends to physical descriptions like a swollen belly or a sticky substance, and to the concept of a water basin.

This root appears to relate to smallness or insignificance, possibly in the context of young animals or small objects. It is used in poetic contexts to describe something being examined or assessed.

This root appears to describe something weak, lacking substance, or ineffective. It is primarily used to denote a person who is feeble or useless.

This root describes someone who is large-bodied, particularly in the belly and flanks, with loose flesh. It conveys a sense of being overweight or flabby. The derived terms are primarily adjectives and nouns referring to this physical characteristic.

This root pertains to a specific physical condition, primarily related to the legs. It describes a deviation or crookedness in the leg, leading to a particular gait or posture.

The root حلج primarily relates to the process of separating cotton fibers from seeds, involving beating and carding. It extends to meanings of movement, agitation, and penetration, as well as specific agricultural and culinary terms.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of camel, described as 'hard' or 'tough'. The entry directly references another root, 'جلدح', for further information.

This root primarily concerns the act of looking intently, often with specific emotional or physical connotations. It describes various ways of focusing the eyes, including narrowing them for better vision, staring in fear or anger, or appearing bewildered. The root also touches upon physical states like emaciation associated with such intense gazes.

This root primarily relates to the concept of twisting, coiling, or tightly packing something. It extends to describe tightly twisted ropes, well-built or tightly packed animals (especially donkeys), and even the horns of animals or the bellows of a craftsman.

The root حنج (ḥnj) primarily relates to the concept of deviating, twisting, or bending something away from its intended course or purpose. This applies to physical objects, abstract concepts like speech or news, and even to a person's gait or character. It also extends to the idea of returning to one's origin or foundation.

This root primarily describes things that are large, bulky, or swollen. It is applied to people, insects, plants, and even abstract concepts like stinginess, often emphasizing a sense of excessive size or fullness.

This root primarily describes types of sand dunes and sandy terrain, often characterized by their size, texture, and ability to support vegetation. It can also extend metaphorically to describe large, robust camels.

This root appears to describe something soft, weak, or lacking substance, possibly originating from a description of thick, muddy water. It is used to characterize a person as lacking good qualities.

This root primarily relates to the concept of need or necessity, often expressed through the verb 'to need'. It also encompasses a specific type of thorny plant.

This root primarily concerns the act of passing wind, specifically a loud or strong fart. It extends to related concepts like the sound of such an action, and metaphorically to weakness or disgrace. It also has a secondary meaning related to striking and a distinct meaning concerning physical beauty and well-proportioned build.

This root describes a specific type of gait characterized by shortness of steps, haste, and a sense of unease or suspicion. It implies a hurried, somewhat awkward, and furtive movement.

This root primarily describes a specific manner of walking, characterized by short, hurried steps with a slight hunching or bending of the body. It is related to other roots that describe similar gaits.

This root primarily describes the concept of twisting, deviating, or bending, often applied to wind. It extends to meanings of strong, harsh, or persistent movement, and metaphorically to foolishness, indecisiveness, or even sexual intercourse.

The root خدج (kh-d-j) primarily relates to premature birth or expulsion of offspring, whether complete or incomplete. It extends metaphorically to signify deficiency, incompleteness, or falling short in various contexts, including religious observances and the natural world.

This root primarily describes physical bulkiness, particularly in the legs and arms, often implying a robust or well-built physique. It can also extend to the concept of being full or abundant, and metaphorically to a strong, driving force.

This root appears to describe a specific manner of walking, characterized by a swaying or unsteady gait. It is primarily used in classical Arabic literature to depict a particular style of movement.

The root 'خرج' primarily relates to the concept of 'going out,' 'emerging,' or 'leaving.' It extends to meanings of producing, extracting, or making something appear. Derived forms also encompass concepts of leaving something out, creating variations, and specific geographical or descriptive terms.

The root خرفج primarily relates to abundance, prosperity, and well-being, particularly concerning food, sustenance, and living conditions. It extends to describe things that are ample, luxurious, or in a state of lush growth, and can also denote taking something in large quantities.

This root primarily describes extreme corpulence or stoutness, particularly in animals like camels. It can also refer to a large or stout man.

This root primarily relates to a type of wind, specifically the south wind, and its characteristics such as coldness or intensity. It is also used as a proper name for a man and famously for a major tribe of the Ansar in Medina.

This root pertains to a type of woven fabric or tent made from sheep's wool, specifically from the neck wool. It is characterized by its exceptional durability and resistance to wear.

This root appears to relate to plants, specifically cotton, and potentially other vegetation with brittle or flexible properties. It also extends to terms for specific types of people or objects, and even a place name.

The root خفج (kh-f-j) primarily relates to concepts of copulation, sexual intercourse, and related terms. It also extends to describe physical characteristics like crookedness or lameness, specific types of plants, ailments in animals, and tribal names.

The root 'خلج' primarily denotes pulling, drawing, or snatching something away. This core meaning extends to concepts of deviation, distraction, sudden movement, and even sexual intercourse, reflecting the idea of being pulled or drawn in different directions.

This root primarily relates to concepts of separation, pulling, distortion, and deviation. It extends to describe things that are crooked, scattered, or have a wavering quality, including physical objects, abstract concepts like love, and even lineage.

This root appears to describe something long and perhaps unsteady or disordered in its creation or form. It is primarily used as an adjective to describe a person or thing.

This root primarily refers to a type of Persian tree and the vessels made from its wood. It also encompasses the concept of vessels in general, particularly those used for serving or holding liquids, and their decorative qualities.

The root خ-م-ج primarily denotes a state of decay, spoilage, or corruption, whether physical (like rotting food) or moral/spiritual (like bad character or faith). It can also refer to a state of weakness or fatigue, often associated with illness.

This root primarily relates to a specific tribe or lineage of Arabs, referred to as 'Khannaj'. The text uses this tribal name in a poetic context, contrasting it with other groups and employing it in a boastful or admonishing manner.