Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns states of forgetfulness, inattention, and negligence. It extends to meanings of gentleness, ease, and softness, particularly in movement and terrain. It also encompasses architectural terms for small partitions or alcoves and a specific star.

This root primarily relates to concepts of equality, straightness, correctness, and completion. It extends to meanings of omission, leaving something behind, and also encompasses geographical locations and specific types of equipment.

This root primarily concerns the extremities or ends of objects, particularly the ends of a bow. It also extends to metaphorical meanings like the path or a lion's den, and a specific geographical location.

The root شبا (sh-b-w) primarily relates to sharpness, pointedness, and the edge of things. It extends to concepts of intensity, such as severe cold or drought, and also encompasses notions of boldness, intelligence, and elevation.

This root primarily concerns the season of winter, its duration, and related concepts. It extends to the act of spending time in a place during winter, and metaphorically, to periods of hardship or famine, especially those occurring in winter.

This root appears to relate to geographical features, specifically the upper or wider part of a valley.

This root primarily concerns feelings of sadness, grief, and distress. It also extends to the physical sensation of something being stuck in the throat, and metaphorically, to being overcome or hindered. Additionally, it can denote excitement or agitation, and in some contexts, a need or requirement.

This root primarily concerns the act of opening, particularly the mouth, and by extension, the act of stretching or widening. It also extends to the concept of a wide stride or step, and metaphorically, to stretching one's tongue or being expansive in speech. Finally, it denotes specific place names and water sources.

This root appears to relate to concepts of blackness or darkness, possibly in the context of vegetation or land. It also touches upon the meaning of a salt-encrusted or barren land.

The root شدا (shada) primarily relates to having a small amount of something, often a remnant or a portion of a larger whole. It extends to concepts of singing, learning a little, and driving animals, all implying a limited or partial action. It can also refer to the edge or limit of something.

The root شذا (sh-dh-w) primarily relates to sharpness, intensity, and harm. It extends to concepts of strong fragrance, particularly of musk, and also encompasses various nuisances like flies and diseases, as well as specific objects and actions.

The root شري primarily deals with the concepts of buying and selling, often interchangeably. It extends to meanings of exchange, giving something in return, and metaphorically, choosing or preferring one thing over another. It also encompasses notions of intensity, eagerness, and rapid movement, as well as the idea of being similar or equivalent.

This root appears to relate to something dry or withered, specifically referring to dates that have dried out.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of date, likely referring to a less desirable or immature variety. The primary meaning connects it to the term 'shisha' which denotes a date that has not fully ripened.

This root primarily describes a state of being raised, extended, or protruding, often in the context of a body part, an object, or even a cloud. It can also denote swelling or inflation, particularly in inanimate objects like waterskins or wine jars.

This root primarily relates to a place name, likely a village in Egypt, and items associated with it, particularly textiles. It also has less common meanings related to sustenance and butchery.

This root primarily describes states of swelling, separation, fragmentation, and detachment. It extends to anatomical terms for bones and tendons, particularly in animals, and also refers to parts of mountains and abstract concepts like followers or detached individuals.

This root primarily concerns the concept of spreading, scattering, and dispersion, often in a wild or untamed manner. It extends to descriptions of widespread raids, dispersed armies, and even the untamed growth of plants or hair. It can also denote intense concern or preoccupation.

The root ش-ك-ا primarily relates to complaining, expressing distress, or reporting something negative. It extends to concepts of illness, expressing grievances, and even to the act of causing someone to complain. It also encompasses related meanings like a small opening or a type of container.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a piece, part, or remnant of something, especially a body or flesh. It extends to the idea of a remnant or remainder of wealth or a group, and metaphorically to pieces of a bridle. It also encompasses the act of calling or inciting, particularly animals, and the act of rescuing or retrieving something.

This root primarily relates to the concept of rising, ascending, or becoming elevated, often in terms of status or importance. It also has a specific meaning related to wax.

This root primarily deals with the concept of hatred, enmity, and aversion. It extends to the idea of being disliked or detested, and the linguistic variations and derivations related to these meanings.

This root appears to describe something harsh, rough, or ill-tempered, particularly when applied to a woman's character. It conveys a sense of unpleasantness or bad disposition.

This root primarily concerns the concept of desire, longing, and craving for something. It encompasses the act of loving, wanting, and intensely desiring an object, food, or even abstract concepts. The root also touches upon the intensity of desire and its hidden or overt manifestations.

This root primarily relates to expressions of regret, sorrow, and lamentation, often used in exclamations. It also encompasses terms for a specific type of red pigment (dragon's blood) and a concept of far-sightedness.

This root primarily concerns the sounds made by young animals, particularly birds and rodents. It extends to the general concept of making a sound or crying out, and metaphorically to bringing forth or possessing things, both animate and inanimate.

This root primarily concerns inclination, leaning, or turning towards something, often with connotations of youth, playfulness, or even folly. It extends to meanings of longing, attraction, and a youthful, uninhibited spirit, as well as directional terms like the east wind.

This root describes a specific type of walking characterized by leaping or bounding. It conveys a sense of energetic, uneven movement, distinct from ordinary walking.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of clearing, awakening, and returning to a state of clarity. It describes the dissipation of clouds, the recovery from intoxication or strong emotion, and the attainment of mental lucidity. It can also refer to the peak of the day or a state of purity.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being dirty, soiled, or unclean. It also extends to a specific type of plant with medicinal properties.

This root primarily relates to thirst, its intensity, and its effects. It extends to encompass the remnants of a deceased person, the head and brain, and echoes or sounds, particularly those that return. It also touches upon concepts of opposition, confrontation, and careful management.

This root primarily relates to small birds, specifically a type of sparrow or finch. It also extends to meanings of being small or insignificant, and in a derived sense, to a state of low spirits or weariness.

The root صغا (ṣaghā) primarily denotes the concept of inclining, leaning, or turning towards something, either physically or metaphorically. This includes inclining the ear to listen, leaning to one side, or having one's favor or attention directed towards someone or something. It can also refer to a physical defect of the mouth or jaw.

The root صكا primarily relates to the concept of adhering, sticking, or being firmly attached to something. It can also extend to the idea of being constant or persistent in an action or state.

This root primarily concerns the concept of warming oneself by fire, but extends to heating or tempering objects with fire, and metaphorically to enduring hardship. It also includes terms for traps and a type of stone used for grinding spices.

The root صما (ṣamā) primarily relates to concepts of speed, swiftness, and directness, often in the context of action, attack, or death. It also extends to meanings of boldness, determination, and facing something head-on, sometimes with a negative connotation of recklessness.

This root primarily relates to dirt, grime, and residue, particularly from fire or cooking. It also extends to concepts of closeness, similarity, and kinship, often metaphorically derived from plants growing from a single source. Additionally, it encompasses ideas of completeness and small water channels.

This root primarily relates to dryness, leanness, and emptiness, often applied to animals, plants, or even abstract concepts like Islam. It also extends to meanings of markers, landmarks, and sounds.