Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns a specific type of desert shrub, the Arta tree, and its properties. It extends to describe land that produces this shrub, tanned leather processed with its leaves, and geographical locations named after it. It also includes a less common, potentially archaic, meaning related to sexual intercourse.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of watching over, guarding, and tending to something or someone. It extends to the idea of responsibility for those under one's care, and also encompasses specific, less common meanings related to the appearance of gray hair and certain natural phenomena.

This root primarily concerns concepts of settling, calming, and soothing, often in the context of fear or distress. It also extends to meanings of agreement, reconciliation, and joining together, as well as mending or sewing. Some derived terms relate to specific objects or substances.

The root رقا primarily relates to the concept of ascending, climbing, or rising. It extends to meanings of increasing, exceeding, and also encompasses protective or healing charms and incantations.

The root رمي primarily relates to the act of throwing, casting, or launching. It extends to concepts of shooting, projecting, and by extension, causing something to fall or die, as well as designating places and names.

The root رنا (r-n-w) primarily relates to prolonged, fixed gazing, often with admiration or deep attention. It extends to concepts of being captivated, enchanted, or deeply engrossed, sometimes involving pleasure or distraction. It also encompasses meanings related to sound, music, and specific time periods.

This root primarily relates to birds, specifically a type of crane or water bird. It also extends to concepts of making something possible or easy, providing sustenance, and permanence. Additionally, it includes place names and tribal affiliations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of quenching thirst, being satisfied, and conveying or narrating information. It extends to the idea of careful consideration, deliberation, and the final letter of a poem (the rhyme). It also encompasses terms for specific animals and geographical locations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a banner or flag, often associated with leadership and authority. It extends to related ideas like marking or branding, and also includes place names and the name of a letter of the alphabet.

This root primarily relates to the concept of arrogance, haughtiness, and excessive pride. It describes the act of behaving in a conceited or disdainful manner, often implying a sense of self-importance.

This root primarily concerns elevated ground, mounds, or elevated places, often used metaphorically for difficult or overwhelming situations. It also extends to dug pits, especially those for trapping animals like lions or wolves, and by extension, places of concealment or ambush. The root can also denote carrying, driving, or urging something forward, and in its derived forms, it signifies speed, vigor, or a type of gait.

The root زجا primarily concerns the concept of facilitating, making easy, and driving or propelling gently. It extends to concepts of sufficiency, making do with little, and the gradual progression of things, often in a gentle or slow manner.

This root appears to relate to places or locations, possibly with a specific connotation of being a site or a destination. The primary discussion revolves around a potential misreading of a word in poetry.

This root primarily relates to a children's game involving throwing nuts into a hole, and by extension, the act of extending or adding to something. It also encompasses the concept of reaching or stretching towards something.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of finding fault, criticizing, blaming, and looking down upon someone or something. It extends to concepts of belittling, despising, and even expressing dissatisfaction or reproach.

This root primarily deals with actions related to movement, effort, and state. It encompasses concepts of striving, fleeing, submission, breaking, and running.

This root primarily relates to a specific group of people, the Zaghawa, and their origins. It also extends to describe a particular scent associated with them and a general sense of intention or purpose.

This root primarily concerns the forceful movement and lifting of things, especially by wind. It extends to concepts of speed, lightness, and sound, and can also refer to the act of transporting or moving something, including a bride.

This root primarily denotes the act of making a loud, sharp cry or sound, particularly associated with roosters, birds, and even a baby's crying. It extends to the sound of a pulley and metaphorically to persistent or annoying noise.

This root primarily relates to a place, specifically a location or a region. It can also refer to a specific type of place or a destination.

The root زكا (zakā) primarily denotes growth, increase, and abundance. It extends to concepts of purity, goodness, and flourishing, both in material wealth and personal character. It can also refer to suitability or appropriateness.

This root primarily concerns the act of illicit sexual intercourse (adultery or fornication). It also extends to related concepts like accusation of such acts, being born out of wedlock, and metaphorically to narrowness or constriction.

The root زها (zahā) primarily relates to concepts of pride, arrogance, and self-admiration. It also extends to meanings of estimation, appearance, and the ripening or coloring of plants, particularly fruits.

This root primarily concerns appearance, form, and manner. It also touches upon the concept of letters and their phonetic properties, with discussions on their origins and transformations.

This root primarily deals with concepts of stretching, tearing, and affliction. It extends to meanings related to the extremities of objects, a horse's ailment, and a person's ambition or intention. It also encompasses the idea of causing discord or spoiling something, and by inversion, experiencing something negative.

The root سجا (saja) primarily denotes stillness, calmness, and covering. It extends to concepts of darkness, duration, and gentleness, particularly in relation to the night, the sea, and the eyes. It also encompasses the act of covering something, especially a deceased person with a cloth, and can refer to natural disposition or a place name.

This root primarily concerns generosity, bounty, and giving freely. It extends to related concepts like making space for fire, a type of spring plant, and specific terms for land and animal ailments.

This root primarily concerns movement, especially at night, and by extension, the passage of time or events. It also extends to concepts of hidden or secret movement, and by metaphorical extension, to the removal or alleviation of distress and the emergence of distinguished individuals.

This root primarily concerns acts of forceful aggression, overpowering, and physical assault. It extends to meanings of forceful action, dominance, and even specific medical or veterinary procedures involving forceful extraction.

The root سفا (s-f-w/y) primarily denotes lightness, swiftness, and sometimes foolishness or ignorance. It extends to physical lightness in hair, speed in movement, and the action of wind scattering dust. It can also refer to a type of thorny plant and, metaphorically, to a lack of sense.

The root سقي primarily relates to providing water or drink, but extends metaphorically to concepts of causing something to be absorbed, instilling feelings, or engaging in harmful speech. It also encompasses agricultural practices involving sharing produce and a specific location.

This root appears to relate to concepts of constriction, pressure, and diminishment. It describes situations where someone is pressured in their demands or when a physical body becomes small.