Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root سحم (s-h-m) primarily denotes blackness, particularly a dark, raven-like hue. It extends to describe dark colors in animals, plants, and even abstract concepts like darkness or a dark cloud. The root also encompasses related concepts like intensity, firmness, and specific types of plants and geographical locations.

The root سخم primarily relates to concepts of blackness, soot, and darkness. It extends to meanings of deep-seated hatred, resentment, and anger. Additionally, it encompasses qualities of softness and fineness, particularly in materials like wool, cotton, or feathers, and can describe a lukewarm state of water.

This root appears to be largely unused in classical Arabic, with the author noting a lack of derived forms in core Arabic vocabulary. Any potential uses are attributed to foreign origins.

The root 'sarm' primarily relates to the posterior opening of the digestive tract, the anus, and by extension, the exit or opening of something. It can also refer to specific ailments, creatures, or actions associated with this area or concept.

This root appears to describe something long and large, drawing a comparison to a turnip. It is primarily used as an adjective.

This root primarily describes something or someone that is long, wide, or large, particularly in the throat or mouth. It extends to concepts of swallowing, speaking voluminously, and even a general sense of being long or extended.

This root primarily discusses a type of black tree, possibly ebony or a tree used for making bows and arrows. It also refers to the wood from this tree.

The root 'سطم' primarily relates to the concepts of blocking, closing, and the edge or sharpness of something, particularly a sword. It extends to meanings of the core, center, or most important part of a group or object, and also refers to a piece or portion of something, often with a negative connotation of being a piece of hellfire.

This root primarily concerns the concept of speed and persistence in movement, particularly in travel or the gait of a camel. It also extends to meanings related to nourishment and good feeding.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being large, thick, or abundant, particularly when describing hair or beards. It can also extend to the idea of intensity or fierceness.

The root سغم primarily relates to the act of causing harm or distress, often to the heart, and also to providing abundant nourishment or sustenance. It extends to the idea of saturation, whether of land with water, lamps with oil, or animals with food and drink.

This root appears to be related to a place name, possibly a city or region. The provided text is extremely brief and lacks sufficient context to determine broader semantic connections or derived meanings.

This root primarily concerns the concept of illness, sickness, and disease. It extends to related ideas like being afflicted, causing illness, and the state of being ill. It also includes geographical names and botanical terms.

This root describes a specific type of gait characterized by short, weak steps. It is also associated with a feminine proper name.

The root 'سلم' primarily relates to concepts of peace, safety, well-being, and soundness. It encompasses greetings, salutations, and the state of being free from harm or defect. Derived meanings extend to submission, yielding, and even specific flora and fauna.

The root 'سلم' primarily relates to peace, safety, submission, and yielding. It encompasses concepts of making peace, being safe, surrendering, and accepting divine will. Derived terms often denote states of peace, acts of submission, or individuals who are safe or have submitted.

This root primarily denotes a severe hardship, a difficult year, or a calamitous event. It can also refer to a monstrous entity like a ghoul, implying something dangerous and formidable.

The root 'سلجم' primarily denotes length and largeness, applied to horses, weapons, and people. It also extends to describe something robust or abundant, like a beard, and finally refers to a specific edible plant.

This root appears to describe a state of arrogance, haughtiness, and self-importance. It is used to characterize someone who is puffed up with pride and behaves in an ostentatious manner.

This root appears to describe something or someone that is long, tall, or large. It also carries a secondary meaning related to consuming or swallowing everything.

This root appears to relate to physical descriptions, specifically concerning the mouth and nose, and by extension, can be used metaphorically to describe a wolf or a cunning individual.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being long or tall. The primary derived term directly defines it as 'tall'.

This root appears to relate to large or formidable animals, specifically camels and wolves. It describes a large camel and a female wolf.

This root primarily describes a state of emaciation, wasting away, and discoloration, often due to illness or deep sorrow. It can also refer to a change in smell and, in a different context, to specific tribal or personal names.

This root primarily concerns the concept of elevation, height, and prominence. It is most famously associated with the hump of a camel, representing its highest point. This core meaning extends metaphorically to the highest or best part of anything, as well as the act of rising, ascending, or being elevated.

The root 'سوم' primarily relates to the act of offering goods for sale, negotiating prices, and the process of buying and selling. It extends to concepts of grazing, moving swiftly, and marking or branding. Additionally, it encompasses the meaning of imposing something, particularly hardship or suffering, and also signifies a mark or sign.

This root primarily relates to concepts of movement, ranging from grazing and passing to actively seeking, selling, or even attacking. It also encompasses notions of authority, judgment, and destiny, as well as specific terms for types of trees, people, and places.

This root primarily relates to the concept of safety, security, and peace, often in the context of being allowed to roam freely without fear. It can also extend to the idea of grazing or pasturing.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ill omen, misfortune, and bad luck, often contrasted with good fortune (yumn). It extends to directions, specifically the left or north, and the geographical region of Syria (al-Sham). Derived terms describe people or things associated with bad omens, the act of experiencing or causing misfortune, and directional or geographical references.

This root primarily denotes coldness, particularly the coldness of water. It extends to describe a state of being cold, and by extension, things associated with coldness like death or poison. It also encompasses related concepts like a specific type of plant and a binding used for animals.

This root primarily describes a type of plant, specifically a variety of wormwood or a thorny shrub with red flowers and a distinctive fruit. It also extends to describe a short man and, metaphorically, a stingy person.

This root primarily concerns verbal abuse, insults, and offensive speech. It extends to describing someone or something as unpleasant, ill-tempered, or ill-favored in appearance, often with a connotation of harshness or ugliness.

This root appears to relate to concepts of destruction and possibly tall, dusty things. The primary meanings provided are 'destruction' and 'tall, dusty things'.

This root describes something large, strong, and formidable, particularly applied to lions and snakes. It conveys a sense of imposing size and fierce bravery.

This root primarily concerns fat, grease, and related concepts of richness, plumpness, and abundance. It extends to describe things that are fatty, have fat, or are made with fat, including specific anatomical parts and even certain plants and creatures.

This root primarily concerns the concept of change, particularly in smell and appearance, often implying spoilage or decay. It extends to descriptions of things that are altered, faded, or have a changed scent, and metaphorically to states of readiness for crying or barrenness.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a wide mouth or jaw. It is used to describe physical attributes and, by extension, eloquent or verbose speakers. It also appears as a proper name for a notable stallion.

This root appears to relate to swiftness and perhaps wildness, with terms for a fast she-camel and a wolf. It also touches upon specific natural phenomena like yellowish water.

The root شرم primarily denotes cutting, splitting, or tearing, often with a focus on the edge or tip of something. This applies to physical objects like noses, ears, and skin, as well as abstract concepts like the sea and even the act of eating.

This root primarily deals with the concept of a small, scattered group or remnant of people. It emphasizes scarcity and a lack of numbers.

This root primarily denotes fragmentation, smallness, and scarcity. It describes pieces of things, small or scattered groups of people, and worn-out or torn items.

This root primarily describes individuals or animals that are tall, robust, and strong. It extends to qualities like being impressive, cheerful, or even aged in specific contexts.

This root primarily relates to reconciliation and mediation between people. It also extends to describing something or someone as tall or long.

This root primarily relates to eagerness, keenness, and intense desire. It also extends to descriptions of tall, well-built, and handsome individuals or animals, particularly horses and camels.