Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root رخم (rakhama) primarily relates to concepts of gentleness, tenderness, affection, and care, often seen in the nurturing of young. It extends to meanings of softness, pleasantness in speech and sound, and also encompasses specific natural phenomena like certain stones, plants, and birds.

The root ردم (rdm) primarily denotes the act of blocking, filling, or sealing an opening. It extends to concepts of patching, mending, and accumulating things. Figuratively, it can refer to persistent illness, a lasting sound, or even a place name.

The root رذم (r-dh-m) primarily relates to the concept of flowing, dripping, or overflowing, especially due to fullness. This applies to liquids, fats, and even to the state of being abundantly filled, like a pot or a container.

The root رزم primarily relates to sounds, particularly those of animals and thunder, often characterized as low, rumbling, or persistent. It also extends to concepts of being stuck, immobile, or fallen due to weakness, and to bundling or collecting things together.

This root primarily concerns the concept of traces, marks, and imprints left behind. It extends to the act of observing or contemplating these traces, as well as the act of marking or writing. Derived meanings include specific types of marks, gait, and even a type of disease or calamity.

The root رشم primarily relates to marking, sealing, and imprinting. It extends to concepts of visible signs, early growth of plants, and distinctive coloration or patterns, sometimes implying eagerness or a mixed appearance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of entering or penetrating into narrow, confined spaces, particularly ravines or gorges. It also carries connotations of being firmly established or fixed within such a place.

The root رضم primarily relates to the concept of piling, stacking, or pressing things together, often with a sense of heaviness or slowness. This extends to physical actions like building with stones, crushing objects, and also metaphorical states of being slow, heavy, or stuck.

This root primarily denotes being stuck, entangled, or deeply involved in something difficult, often with a sense of sinking or immobility. It extends to concepts of accumulation, congestion, and also carries sexual connotations and descriptions of physical attributes.

This root primarily relates to nasal discharge, particularly from animals, often associated with sickness or emaciation. It also extends to meanings of watching, observing, and physical attributes like fatness and specific body parts.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of dislike, aversion, humiliation, and submission, often against one's will. It extends to meanings of disgrace, dust, and even physical aspects like the nose or nasal discharge.

This root appears to relate to the concept of complete or perfect blessings and prosperity. It signifies a state of abundance and well-being.

This root primarily concerns the concept of accumulation, piling up, or gathering things together. It describes the state of being stacked, heaped, or amassed, often referring to natural phenomena like clouds and sand dunes.

This root primarily concerns the pleasant, melodious, or resonant sound produced by various entities, including the human voice, animals, and even inanimate objects like musical instruments or plants. It encompasses the act of singing, trilling, or making a pleasing noise.

This root primarily concerns persistent, gentle rain and its effects. It extends to related concepts of softness, abundance, and even specific applications like wound dressing. It also encompasses names and tribal affiliations.

This root relates to speaking or conveying information incompletely, hinting at something without fully disclosing it. It also extends to the idea of secretly moving or instigating trouble.

The root 'روم' primarily relates to seeking, desiring, or aiming for something. It extends to concepts of attempting an action, specifically in phonetics concerning vowel realization, and also encompasses geographical names, types of plants, and ethnic groups.

The root ريم primarily relates to the concepts of departing, ceasing, or remaining in place. It also extends to meanings of increase, excess, and specific objects like a white antelope, a grave, or a small hill. The root can also denote the end of the day or a specific type of bone.

This root primarily relates to subtle or suppressed sounds, speech, and vocalizations. It also extends to describe certain qualities of animals and objects, such as a bow that doesn't twang loudly or a camel that doesn't bellow.

This root primarily concerns the concept of crowding, pressing, or jostling against something or someone. It extends to the idea of colliding, especially with waves, and metaphorically to reaching or surpassing a certain age or number. It also includes derived terms for people who are crowded, intense situations, and specific names.

This root primarily concerns unpleasant smells, particularly of rancid or fatty substances, and by extension, a foul disposition. It also extends to the meaning of forceful pushing and a specific mountain name.

The root زرم (z-r-m) primarily relates to the concept of cutting, stopping, or ceasing. This applies to physical cutting, the cessation of bodily functions like urination or defecation, the interruption of flow (like tears or speech), and metaphorically to the cutting off of good fortune or support. It also extends to meanings of being constricted, stingy, or insignificant.

This root primarily concerns the act of swallowing, choking, or constricting something, particularly in the throat area. It also refers to anatomical parts related to the throat and swallowing.

This root primarily describes intense blueness, particularly of the eyes. It is used to denote a person with blue eyes and can be intensified to describe a striking or exceptionally blue eye color in women.

This root appears to describe a specific type of water that is brackish, neither fully salty nor entirely fresh. It is used to characterize water with a mixed taste.

The root زعم (za'ama) primarily relates to speaking, asserting, or claiming something. It often carries a connotation of doubt, falsehood, or mere conjecture, distinguishing it from more definitive forms of speech. However, it can also encompass meanings of belief, assumption, and even guarantee or sponsorship.

The root زغم (z-gh-m) primarily relates to sounds of discontent, anger, or low vocalizations. It encompasses expressions of grumbling, suppressed speech, and the sounds of animals like camels and young camels expressing distress or anger.

This root appears to relate to feelings of doubt, suspicion, or ill will harbored within one's heart. It describes an internal state of unease or negative sentiment.

The root 'زقم' primarily relates to swallowing, gulping, and consuming food, often with an implication of haste or excess. It also extends to a specific type of food, notably the tree of Zaqqum mentioned in the Quran, and metaphorically to the throat.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fullness, congestion, or being filled. It is most commonly associated with the common cold (influenza) and its symptoms, stemming from the idea of being 'filled up' with illness. It also extends to the idea of being the last offspring and, metaphorically, to being the most base or ignoble.

This root primarily relates to the throat and swallowing, extending to the snout or trunk of animals, and metaphorically to a wide expanse like the sea.

This root appears to describe something that is quick, light, and agile. It is used to characterize swift movement and a lack of heaviness.

The root 'زمم' primarily relates to the concept of binding, controlling, or leading, often through a rope or strap. This extends to meanings of restraint, leading, and even pride or arrogance. It also encompasses sounds, particularly those of animals or indistinct speech, and geographical locations.

This root primarily concerns the fleshy appendages hanging from the ear or throat, often used as a distinguishing mark or sign. It extends to concepts of marking, being marked, and by extension, a spurious or illegitimate person, a 'bastard' or 'adopted one'. It also relates to specific types of livestock and even time.

This root pertains to the concept of a cold or catarrh, specifically affecting the nose and head. It describes the condition of being afflicted by such an ailment.

This root primarily concerns unpleasant odors, particularly the smell of rancid or fatty meat. It extends to concepts of greasiness, fatness, and by extension, closeness or proximity, and even hastiness in movement.

This root primarily refers to a type of falcon or hawk, and by extension, it is used as a proper name for people, horses, and even lions. It also appears in dual forms referring to specific individuals or groups.

This root pertains to the concept of a low, rumbling, or murmuring sound. It is often associated with the sound of speech or a continuous, indistinct noise.

This root appears to relate to death and the gathering or collection of things. It is primarily used in classical Arabic to describe the state of dying and the resulting collection of elements.

This root primarily describes things that are scattered, dispersed, or separated. It extends to concepts of a small group of animals, a muscular but not tightly-knit physique, and even names for places or animals associated with scattering.

This root primarily relates to the quality of water, specifically distinguishing between fresh and salty water sources. It is used to describe the taste and nature of water.

This root primarily concerns the concept of boredom, weariness, and being tired of something or someone. It extends to the idea of causing someone to feel bored or weary, and in a specific context, it can refer to death or a curse.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of tree. The primary entry discusses a tree known as 'al-shīz', and the root itself is identified with this tree, sometimes with a variation in pronunciation.

This root appears to be a less common or possibly erroneous root, with the primary discussion focusing on the word 'الستهم' and its potential derivation. The letter 'م' is suggested to be an addition, implying the root might be related to 'سهم'.