Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily denotes a specific type of date palm and its fruit. It is a botanical term used in classical Arabic literature to describe a particular variety of palm tree.

The root شكم primarily relates to giving, rewarding, or compensating someone for something. It also extends to the concept of restraint, particularly in the context of a horse's bit, and metaphorically to strength of character, stubbornness, or a strong will.

This root primarily concerns a type of wild grain or weed, specifically darnel, and its characteristics. It also extends to place names, including Jerusalem, and metaphorically to expressions of anger.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of plant, the turnip. It is also mentioned in relation to a poetic usage, possibly referring to the plant or something associated with it.

This root primarily concerns the sense of smell, including the act of smelling, perceiving scents, and making others smell. It extends metaphorically to testing, examining, approaching, and to physical characteristics like a prominent nose or a high elevation.

This root primarily concerns the act of wounding, cutting, or scratching, particularly the skin or flesh. It also extends to the concept of something being cut off, like ears, and metaphorically to a cold or refreshing quality of water.

This root appears to relate to eagerness, keenness, or greed, particularly in the context of a person's disposition or actions. It is also used in idiomatic expressions to denote doing something reluctantly or under compulsion, often as an emphatic or imitative word.

This root primarily describes intelligence, keenness, and alertness, often associated with a sharp mind and quick understanding. It extends to concepts of strength, vigor, and courage, particularly in animals. It also encompasses meanings related to fear, being startled, and a specific type of trap.

This root primarily relates to bad luck, misfortune, and ill omen. It encompasses concepts of being cursed, unlucky, or associated with something inauspicious.

This root primarily describes the act of drinking excessively or to satiety. It encompasses the idea of drinking deeply, repeatedly, or until one is fully satisfied.

This root primarily describes things that are large, strong, and solid. It extends to concepts of completeness, perfection, and firmness, particularly in relation to objects, people, and even abstract qualities like speech.

This root primarily describes colors, specifically shades of black mixed with yellow or brown, or a dull, dusty hue. It also extends to describe the state of plants and land, indicating a change in color due to dryness or maturity, and can refer to a specific type of plant or a person's name.

The root صدم (ṣ-d-m) primarily relates to the concept of striking, colliding, or impacting forcefully. This can range from physical blows between objects or people to the sudden impact of an event or misfortune. It also extends to metaphorical collisions and specific conditions or anatomical features.

This root appears to relate to the concept of something being firm, solid, or established, particularly in the context of a judgment or decree. It emphasizes a definitive and unyielding quality.

The root صرم (ṣ-r-m) primarily relates to cutting, severing, and separation. This extends to concepts of isolation, emptiness, and scarcity, particularly concerning milk production in animals or water in a desert. It also encompasses notions of a single meal or a decisive event.

This root appears to be related to the concept of a dam or barrier, specifically a small one or a part of a larger structure. It also seems to encompass the act of blocking or obstructing.

This root appears to describe a state of being upright, standing tall, and possibly silent or brooding. It is related to the concept of being imposing or formidable, potentially with an underlying sense of anger or suppressed emotion.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of bread, possibly baked in embers or ashes. The primary derived term refers to this particular baked good.

This root appears to be related to unpleasant qualities, specifically bad smells. It is noted as being neglected by Al-Layth, suggesting limited usage or documentation.

This root primarily denotes forceful impact, striking, or pushing. It extends to the idea of a severe shock or collision, and also describes a horse's action of resisting the bit.

The root صلم (ṣ-l-m) primarily denotes cutting off from the origin, severing, or complete destruction. This extends to physical mutilation, particularly of ears and noses, and metaphorically to utter annihilation, severe hardship, or a decisive event. It also encompasses specific poetic meters and groups of people.

This root describes something large, strong, and imposing. It is often used for animals, mountains, or individuals exhibiting great stature, power, or a stern demeanor.

This root describes something that is hard, strong, and severe, particularly in relation to the hooves of animals, but also applied to heads and generally to intense or unyielding qualities.

This root primarily describes the clashing or grinding of teeth, particularly the tusks of animals. It extends to meanings of being large, strong, or severe, often applied to camels or elderly women, and also relates to a harsh or loud sound.

This root appears to relate to hardness, firmness, and strength. It is used to describe the lion and the concept of something becoming solid and intense.

This root primarily concerns idols and images worshipped as deities. It distinguishes between idols with physical forms and those without, and also refers to a type of severe misfortune.

This root primarily describes intensity, strength, and severity, often applied to people, animals (especially camels), and abstract qualities. It can also denote nobility, purity, and a strong, unyielding disposition.

This root describes intensity, harshness, and unyieldingness, particularly in relation to a person's character or demeanor. It can also refer to a severe or intense sound.

The root صوم primarily relates to abstaining or refraining from something, most notably food, drink, and speech. This core meaning extends to concepts of patience, stillness, and even specific natural phenomena like the midday heat or the behavior of certain animals and plants.

This root pertains to qualities of hardness, intensity, and being well-formed or solid. It describes something that is strong, robust, and firmly put together, often implying a high degree of resilience or integrity.

This root appears to be a rare or possibly nonce formation used as a name for the lion. It does not seem to have extensive derivations or common usage in classical Arabic beyond this specific appellation.

This root describes something or someone that is strong, stout, and courageous. It is primarily used to denote a powerful and brave lion, and by extension, a valiant warrior.

This root appears to be related to the concept of grasping or seizing. It is primarily used to form names for the lion, suggesting a connection to the lion's predatory nature and its powerful grip.

The root ضجم primarily describes crookedness, deviation, or asymmetry, particularly in facial features like the nose, mouth, or chin, but also extending to other body parts like shoulders, and even inanimate objects like wells or wounds. It can also denote a difference or disagreement between things or people, and in specific contexts, refers to a large eater or a type of insect.

This root refers to a specific Arab lineage, the Banu Daj'am, who were kings in the Levant. The addition of the 'ha' (ء) is noted as a linguistic feature for indicating lineage.

The root ضخم (ḍakhm) primarily relates to largeness, bulkiness, and immense size in both physical objects and abstract concepts. It encompasses terms for being stout, massive, and great, often implying a substantial physical presence or significant importance.

This root primarily describes intense biting, tenacity, and a state of being old or mature, particularly when applied to animals like snakes and camels. It also carries connotations of stinginess or being unproductive.

This root appears to describe something or someone that is soft, weak, or ignoble. It is also used as a proper name for a body of water.

This root appears to be related to the names and attributes of lions, specifically referring to a male lion and its epithets. It also seems to encompass the idea of being large or formidable.

This root appears to describe something large, coarse, and possibly related to the posterior or a vulva. The primary derived term refers to a large, rough mount or beast, with a secondary, more vulgar meaning related to female genitalia.

This root primarily relates to the lion, describing its fierceness and predatory nature. It extends to describe a brave or formidable person by comparison to a lion, and also refers to the act of selecting or engaging heroes in battle.

This root primarily concerns the act of biting, specifically a strong, forceful bite that fills the mouth. It extends to describe the intensity of the bite and is used metaphorically for hardship. The root also names the lion due to its biting prowess.

This root primarily concerns the concept of joining, gathering, or bringing things together. It extends to meanings of embracing, collecting, and even encompassing, with related senses of crowding, oppression, and intense emotions.

This root appears to relate to the concept of injustice or oppression. The primary derived lemma directly equates to 'to wrong' or 'to oppress'.

This root primarily concerns injustice, oppression, and wronging someone. It extends to concepts of deprivation, being wronged, and also has geographical meanings related to mountain sides and specific mountains or valleys.