Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root قسط (qasṭa) primarily relates to concepts of justice, fairness, and equitable division. It also encompasses meanings related to imbalance, injustice, and deviation from the right path. Additionally, it denotes measures, portions, and specific types of goods or substances.

This root primarily denotes the act of stripping, peeling, or scraping off a surface layer. It is often used for removing skin, hides, or even roofing materials, implying a forceful removal of an outer covering.

This root primarily relates to sounds, particularly sharp or repetitive ones, and also encompasses concepts of speed, stubbornness, and specific locations.

This root primarily denotes concepts of tightness, severity, and forceful action. It extends to meanings of restraint, harshness in dealing with others, and forceful movement or driving. It also encompasses actions related to binding, wrapping, and even destruction or humiliation.

This root describes the action of rolling, specifically referring to the rolling movement of a beetle. It encompasses the concept of a rolling object or a rolling motion.

This root primarily concerns the act of copulation, particularly in animals, and by extension, intense physical closeness or embrace. It also extends to meanings of intense effort, eagerness, and a metaphorical sense of reward or reciprocation.

This root primarily describes something very short, stout, or stunted. It extends to terms for a short, stocky person or animal, and also includes terms related to physical attributes like swollen testicles or a large scrotum.

This root describes hair that is curly, coarse, and does not grow long. It is associated with a certain type of head or hair texture, often implying a lack of softness or straightness.

The root قمط (q-m-ṭ) primarily relates to the concept of binding, tying, or fastening tightly. This includes physically binding limbs, securing objects, and metaphorically, completing or perfecting something. It also extends to sexual intercourse and, in a less common usage, refers to thieves or a strong person.

This root describes a physical condition of the abdomen, specifically a distended upper belly with a shrunken lower belly. It also refers to things being intertwined or overlapping, and names a type of water creature.

This root primarily concerns the concept of despair, particularly a profound and intense hopelessness. It describes the state of being despondent, especially regarding positive outcomes or divine mercy.

This root appears to be related to specific botanical terms, primarily referring to a type of tree.

This root primarily concerns numbers and quantities, specifically large groups of sheep. It also extends to concepts of abundance, being overwhelmed, and specific locations.

This root is presented as a variant of the root قحط (qaḥaṭa), meaning drought or scarcity. The entry suggests that the initial 'k' (ك) in 'kaḥaṭa' might be a substitution for the 'q' (ق) in 'qaḥaṭa'. It primarily discusses the verb form and its relation to the concept of drought.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of aromatic wood, likely used for incense or perfumery. It is presented as a variant of another term, suggesting a shared or closely related meaning.

This root primarily concerns the act of peeling, stripping, or scraping something off a surface. It often refers to removing skin or hide from an animal, or uncovering something by removing a covering layer.

This root primarily describes a specific type of gait, particularly that of someone with a severe limp or disability. It can also refer to a state of excited movement or a personal name.

This root primarily concerns the act of pursuing, following, or fixing one's gaze upon something or someone. It can also extend to the idea of urging or insisting on a matter, or striking a target.

This root primarily describes falling, collapsing, or being thrown down violently, often due to illness, weakness, or a sudden shock. It also extends to meanings of rolling, tumbling, and struggling, particularly in a state of distress or intense activity.

This root pertains to the concept of light, gentle striking or tapping, often with the palm of the hand. It describes a repeated or gradual action of hitting.

The root 'لحط' primarily relates to the act of sprinkling or splashing water, particularly on a surface like a door. It describes the action of moistening something with liquid.

This root primarily relates to the concept of mixing, confusion, or becoming entangled. It can describe a state of being mixed up or involved in a complex situation.

The root لطط primarily relates to the concepts of sticking, adhering, and attaching. It extends to meanings of preventing, withholding, and denying, often in a legal or rights context. Additionally, it encompasses notions of covering, concealing, and hiding, as well as adhering firmly to something or someone.

This root primarily relates to striking, hitting, or touching something, often with a specific mark or effect. It extends to concepts of proximity, grazing, and even delaying or withholding something.

This root primarily concerns indistinct, mixed, and noisy sounds, often associated with crowds or animals. It also extends to cover specific geographical locations and personal names.

This root primarily concerns the act of picking up or finding something that has been lost or discarded. It extends to metaphorical uses related to collecting gossip or identifying specific types of birds.

This root primarily concerns the concept of disturbance, agitation, or being taken away. It describes a state of being unsettled or having something forcefully removed.

This root primarily denotes striking or hitting, often with an open hand or a whip. It can also extend to the act of splashing or washing something forcefully, and in a specialized sense, to cleaning or sprinkling an area.

The root لوط primarily relates to sticking, adhering, and attaching. It extends to actions of plastering, smearing, and concealing, as well as the concept of deserving or incurring something. It also encompasses the meaning of being close or dear to the heart and, notably, refers to the prophet Lot and the sinful acts associated with his name.

This root appears to describe a specific physical action of pressing or pushing something down with one's hand onto a surface. It is a rare root with limited usage.

This root primarily concerns actions related to smoothing, straightening, or removing something. It can describe the act of passing fingers over an object to repair it, drawing a sword, or a bird plucking its feathers. It also extends to intense physical struggle or exertion.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of pulling, drawing out, extracting, and removing. It extends to meanings of swift movement, flowing, and even forceful action like striking or piercing. Figuratively, it can refer to swiftness, a noble person, or even phenomena like mirages.

The root مرط (mrṭ) primarily relates to the removal or shedding of hair, fur, or feathers. It extends to concepts of lightness, speed, and even theft, often through metaphorical association with shedding or being bare. The root also encompasses terms for specific garments and types of fast movement.

This root primarily concerns the act of inserting a hand into an animal's reproductive tract to extract fluids or matter, often related to insemination or its failure. It also extends to meanings related to muddy or stagnant water, and certain plants.

This root primarily concerns the act of combing hair and the tools used for it. It extends to related concepts like things that fall out during combing, the person who combs, and the appearance of well-combed hair. Metaphorically, it can refer to flattery or a specific physical appearance.

The root مطط primarily relates to stretching, extending, and elongating. This encompasses physical stretching of objects, limbs, and speech, as well as metaphorical stretching like boasting or delaying. It also extends to concepts of width, spaciousness, and even muddy water.

The root معط primarily relates to the concept of stretching, extending, pulling, or drawing out. It also encompasses meanings related to hair loss, thinness, and in some contexts, a specific type of sexual intercourse or a horse's gait.

The root مغط primarily relates to stretching, extending, and elongating something. This can apply to physical objects, the passage of time, or even the physical posture and movement of animals, particularly in motion.

This root appears to relate to small aquatic creatures or insects. The primary derived terms describe a type of water insect or small animal.

This root primarily relates to concepts of mixing, adhering, and being smooth or bare. It extends to describing deceitful people, the act of plastering, and physical attributes like smoothness or lack of hair. It also encompasses specific anatomical terms and types of wounds.

This root primarily concerns the concept of moving away, departing, or removing something. It extends to meanings of pushing, repelling, and also encompasses notions of deviation, injustice, and even physical states like looseness or emptiness.

This root primarily describes the act of straining or exerting oneself, particularly when lifting or carrying a heavy load. It conveys the physical effort and groaning associated with such exertion.

This root primarily concerns the emergence or extraction of water from the earth, particularly from wells. It extends metaphorically to the extraction of knowledge, secrets, or offspring, and also refers to a specific group of people (Nabataeans) and certain physical characteristics of animals.

This root primarily concerns the emergence of plants and truffles from the earth, and by extension, the act of pressing or stabilizing something. It also encompasses the concept of settling or becoming still.

This root primarily concerns sounds of distress, exertion, or pain, including labored breathing, sighs, crying, and coughing. It also extends to physical actions associated with these sounds, such as beating cloth or falling into a spear.

The root نخط (nakhaṭa) primarily relates to appearing, arriving, or emerging unexpectedly. It also extends to meanings of spitting, the spinal cord, and a specific type of fluid within the amniotic sac. Some derived forms are associated with playful or skilled combat with spears.