Al-Qamus al-Muhit (Firuzabadi, d. 817H)

This root primarily deals with concepts of corruption, spoilage, and deterioration, particularly concerning food items like eggs and milk. It also extends to meanings of impurity, fragmentation, and slander.

This root primarily describes the separation or mixing of liquids, particularly milk and water, and by extension, the mixing of lineages. It also covers the idea of water becoming tainted or changed.

This root primarily relates to tasting, drinking, and experiencing something intensely. It also extends to descriptions of people (clever, foolish) and places, with some derived terms referring to specific types of wine or fermented drinks.

This root primarily relates to the act of extracting or drawing something out, often from a difficult or confined situation. It can also extend to meanings of urging, provoking, or making a gesture towards someone.

This root primarily concerns the emergence of new growth, particularly tender green shoots or leaves on trees and plants. It extends to concepts of showing, revealing, and displaying, as well as to signs of wealth, vitality, and adornment. It also encompasses related ideas of activity, eagerness, and even harsh speech.

This root primarily relates to the act of milking an animal, often with difficulty or by extracting the last drops. It also extends to concepts of scarcity, separation, and containment, as well as specific geographical locations and anatomical terms.

This root appears to relate to the sourness or acidity of wine, specifically describing wine that has turned sour.

This root primarily relates to the souring and curdling of milk or wine, leading to a whitish or acidic state. It also extends to concepts of loss, destruction, and a specific tribal name, with some related terms for anger and freshness.

This root primarily concerns rain and its effects, including the act of raining, things associated with rain like clothing, and places that receive rain. It also extends metaphorically to speed, movement, and even specific geographical locations and personal names.

This root primarily concerns concepts of scarcity, depletion, and loss, particularly related to hair, vegetation, and wealth. It also extends to meanings of meagerness, meanness, and a reddish hue, as well as expressions of anger and poverty.

This root primarily relates to the color red, specifically a reddish-brown or ochre hue, and its association with earth, pigments, and certain natural phenomena like animal coloration and milk. It also extends to meanings of speed, a good rain, and specific place or personal names.

This root primarily relates to concepts of bitterness, sourness, and astringency, often associated with taste or physical sensation. It also extends to meanings of endurance, patience, and the act of digging or excavating, particularly for water.

This root primarily concerns deception, trickery, and cunning. It extends to meanings related to coloring, dyeing, and staining, as well as physical attributes like stoutness and plumpness. It also encompasses agricultural terms and specific animal references.

This root primarily concerns movement, flowing, and traversing. It extends to concepts of agitation, disturbance, and the act of moving back and forth. It also encompasses physical attributes like smoothness of gait, lightness, and paleness, as well as geographical and topographical features.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a dowry or bride-price, its giving, and related social customs. It also extends to meanings of skill, expertise, and specific animal young, particularly a foal.

This root primarily concerns the act of bringing or fetching provisions, especially food. It extends to related concepts like corruption, melting, and preparing substances, as well as specific actions like cutting or fluffing.

This root pertains to the concept of something becoming agitated, inflamed, or stirred up, often referring to emotions or conflicts.

The root نبر (nbr) primarily relates to the concept of raising, elevating, or projecting something. This extends to vocalization (raising the voice, emphasis), physical elevation (platforms, high places), and even metaphorical elevation like growth or advancement. It also encompasses related concepts like sharp or sudden actions and certain physical attributes or ailments.

This root primarily concerns the concept of vowing, making a pledge, or dedicating something. It extends to the idea of something being forbidden or consecrated due to a vow, and also encompasses the meaning of warning or admonishment.

This root primarily concerns forceful pulling, tearing, and straining, often with a sense of harshness or violence. It extends to concepts of weakness, harsh speech, and penetration.

This root primarily concerns the act of scattering, dispersing, or throwing things around. It extends to concepts of things falling apart, spreading out, and also includes meanings related to speech, offspring, and specific anatomical or descriptive terms.

This root primarily relates to origins, foundations, and the act of carving or shaping wood. It also extends to concepts of thirst, specific locations, and various objects or actions associated with these core meanings.

The root 'نحر' primarily relates to the throat, chest, and the act of striking or piercing that area. It extends to concepts of confronting, facing, the beginning or end of a period, and expertise.

This root primarily concerns the concept of making a sound through the nose, often associated with breathing or vocalization. It extends to describe the nose itself, its parts, and related physical attributes like hollowness or decay. It also encompasses terms for specific animals and abstract qualities like arrogance or cowardice.

The root ندر (ndr) primarily relates to things appearing, emerging, or falling out unexpectedly. It also encompasses concepts of scarcity, rarity, and specific agricultural or material items, as well as terms for specific locations and people.

This root primarily concerns vows, pledges, and warnings. It extends to concepts of binding oneself to an obligation, often conditionally, and the act of giving notice or forewarning of danger or an impending event. It also encompasses related terms for messengers, signs of warning, and even specific historical or geographical references.

This root primarily concerns the concept of scarcity, littleness, and infrequency. It extends to related ideas like urgency, impatience, and a lack of abundance in various contexts, including speech, giving, and even biological processes.

The root 'nasr' primarily relates to birds of prey and their actions, such as tearing or snatching. It extends to celestial bodies, parts of an animal's hoof, and military formations. The root also encompasses concepts of decay, disintegration, and specific ailments.

This root primarily refers to a Persian Zoroastrian ascetic. It also denotes a place in Iraq, an island between Damietta and Alexandria, and several locations in Ifriqiya (North Africa), including a city known for its ascetics and another inhabited by a Quraysh tribe.

This entry pertains to the Nestorian sect of Christians, named after their founder Nestorius. It describes their theological stance, particularly their interpretation of the Trinity and their divergence from mainstream Christianity.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being strong, robust, or stout. It describes a physical build or a sturdy nature, often associated with animals or people.

The root 'النشر' (al-nashr) broadly encompasses concepts of spreading, diffusion, and revival. It relates to the dispersion of things, whether physical like wind, plants, or paper, or abstract like news and knowledge. It also signifies resurrection, growth, and expansion, as well as the opposite of folding or contracting.

This root primarily concerns the concept of help, support, and victory. It extends to notions of salvation, aid, and succor, and is also used in geographical names and the designation of religious groups and their beliefs.

This root primarily concerns concepts of freshness, beauty, prosperity, and abundance. It extends to descriptions of vibrant colors, flourishing vegetation, and a good life. It also encompasses terms for precious metals and specific historical or geographical references.

This root describes the act of overeating, specifically consuming rich and fatty foods to the point of feeling heavy or experiencing discomfort, particularly in the chest or heart area. It relates to a state of being overstuffed or weighed down by excessive consumption.

This root primarily relates to guarding, watching over, and protecting, particularly in an agricultural context. It also extends to concepts of vigilance, cunning, and specific historical or geographical references.

This root primarily concerns the act of seeing, looking, and observing with the eyes. It extends to concepts of contemplation, waiting, judgment, and providing assistance. Metaphorically, it can refer to intellectual consideration, foresight, and even physical appearance.

This root primarily relates to sounds, particularly loud or harsh ones, often associated with the nose or throat. It also extends to concepts of movement, intensity, and sometimes negative qualities like arrogance or stubbornness.

The root نغر (N-G-R) primarily relates to internal agitation, anger, and vocalization, often associated with negative emotions or states. It extends to concepts of boiling over, spoiled things, and specific animal sounds or types, as well as water sources.

The root النفر (an-n-f-r) primarily relates to movement away, departure, and scattering. It also encompasses concepts of overcoming, victory, and the gathering or group of people. Additionally, it can refer to agitation, swelling, and even specific judgments or rulings.

This entry discusses the water lily, its properties, and medicinal uses. It details its effects on various ailments like coughs, chest pains, and skin conditions, as well as its application in treating hair loss.

This root pertains to scattered vegetation, specifically the initial growth of plants after the autumn rains. It describes the early stages of plant life that emerge in abundance.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of intelligence, shrewdness, and discernment, but also extends to the opposite: ignorance, denial, and the unfamiliar. It encompasses things that are difficult, severe, or unpleasant, as well as specific historical figures and terms related to the afterlife.

This root primarily relates to spotted or striped patterns, often associated with the leopard. It extends to describe markings, specific animals, geographical locations, and abstract concepts like anger or a portion of clouds.

This root primarily relates to the concept of flowing water, channels, and rivers. It extends to meanings of spaciousness, abundance, and also includes specific terms for time (day), animals, and places.

This root primarily denotes perilous or elevated places, often associated with destruction or hardship. It extends to describe a lean, doomed individual and, metaphorically, hellfire.

This root appears to describe the act of speaking falsehoods or lies. It specifically relates to uttering untruths directed towards someone.