Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to relate to a specific group of people and the state of animals, particularly camels, when they are well-fed with milk. It describes a condition of abundance and nourishment.

This root primarily concerns the act of sexual intercourse, particularly the male mounting the female, across various animals. It extends to borrowing or lending animals for this purpose, and metaphorically to a tool used for roasting. It also describes a children's game and a specific condition of a horse.

This root primarily concerns the act of making a horse lean or fit for racing by reducing its fat. It also refers to a horse that has undergone this process and is therefore lean and well-trained.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a horse being lean or well-built, specifically in a way that suggests preparedness or fitness for racing or strenuous activity. It describes a horse that is physically conditioned.

This root primarily describes negative human characteristics, including baseness, weakness, foolishness, and excessive indulgence. It is also used metaphorically for animals like wolves and to describe intense coloration in horses.

This root appears to describe a state of being thin, emaciated, or weak, often due to exertion or illness. It can also refer to the act of making something or someone thin or emaciated.

The root سمد (samada) primarily relates to concepts of elevation, steadfastness, continuous action, and sustained effort. It extends to meanings of being heedless, arrogant, or engrossed, often in a negative or boastful manner. It also encompasses agricultural terms related to fertilizing land and a specific type of food.

This root describes a state of being filled with intense emotion, particularly anger. It can also refer to a deliberate or unhurried manner of action or speech.

This root primarily describes states of swelling, puffiness, and distension, often associated with anger, physical exertion, or injury. It can also denote characteristics of being tall, strong, or foolish.

This root primarily describes something large, heavy, and substantial, particularly in the context of camels. It can also refer to hardness and solidity.

The root 'سند' primarily relates to elevation, ascent, and support. It extends to concepts of reliance, backing, and things that are elevated or supported. It also encompasses terms for specific geographical features, types of clothing, and even a script and a people.

This root primarily concerns the state of sleeplessness, wakefulness, and the lack of sleep. It extends to describe someone who sleeps little, or is vigilant, and can also refer to something excellent or a specific type of person.

The root 'سود' primarily relates to the color black, but extends to concepts of darkness, intensity, and even leadership or prominence. It also encompasses various specific terms for animals, places, and objects associated with blackness or dark qualities.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a leader, master, or lord. It extends to terms for powerful or dominant animals like lions and wolves, and can also refer to specific places or tribal lineages.

This root primarily relates to begging, soliciting, or asking for something persistently, often with a sense of need or importunity. It can also describe a person who is ill-tempered or ill-bred, possibly as a consequence of their begging or difficult circumstances.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of strength, intensity, and reaching maturity or full capacity. It also extends to meanings of tightening, fastening, and the peak or height of something, particularly time.

This root primarily concerns the concept of animals or people straying, fleeing, or becoming lost. It extends to the idea of being driven away, dispersed, or becoming estranged from a group or authority. It can also metaphorically refer to something being erratic or going astray.

This root appears to relate to deception, trickery, and illusion, often associated with sorcery or charlatanism. It describes someone who deceives or misleads others through false appearances or conjuring.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of plant or herb, possibly with milky sap. It is a rare term, with its primary mention linking it to a plant resembling 'qashdah' (cream or curdled milk).

This root primarily concerns giving, bestowing, or providing provisions, especially food and drink. It also extends to the concept of reward or recompense, and in a less common usage, acquiring poor quality possessions.

This root describes a state of being filled with intense anger or rage. It can also refer to a person who is deliberate or slow in their actions, particularly when speaking about them.

This root primarily describes something as light, sharp, or keen. It is applied to speech, physical objects like blades, and even animals, emphasizing their swiftness and acuity.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of knowing, recognizing, and making something known or famous. It extends to raising one's voice, spreading news, and figuratively elevating someone's status or reputation. It also touches upon the idea of building or lengthening something.

This root primarily concerns the act of plastering, building, and constructing with materials like gypsum or lime. It extends to the concept of making something solid, tall, or well-made, particularly in the context of architecture and structures.

This root primarily relates to intense heat, burning, and the sounds associated with it. It also extends to descriptions of harshness, intensity, and a specific type of rock, as well as the act of listening attentively.

The root صدد (ṣ-d-d) primarily relates to turning away, aversion, and obstruction. It also encompasses meanings of turning towards, approaching, and being opposite. Additionally, it can denote making a sound, a specific type of liquid from wounds or hell, and geographical or topographical features.

This root appears to be very rare and primarily relates to a specific, possibly onomatopoeic, action. It is associated with the sound or action of shaking a sieve.

The root صرد (ṣrd) primarily relates to coldness, intense cold, and things associated with it like cold winds, clouds, and frozen water. It also extends to concepts of scarcity, reduction, and cutting off, as well as precision and penetration, particularly in the context of weapons. Additionally, it refers to a specific bird and certain physical characteristics.

This root appears to be related to a place name, 'al-Sarkhad', from which a drink is associated. The prose discusses the taste of this drink and its comparison to other sensory experiences like sleep and sight.

The root صعد (ṣaʿada) primarily relates to upward movement, ascent, and elevation. It extends to concepts of height, length, and intensity, as well as specific geographical locations and types of plants and animals.

This root primarily refers to a specific, well-known mountain. It is used in classical poetry to describe something associated with this mountain, implying a certain quality or origin.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of bird, often described as small and timid. It is used metaphorically to denote extreme cowardice.

The root صلد (ṣ-l-d) primarily denotes hardness, solidity, and dryness, often applied to stones, land, and even abstract concepts like stinginess or lack of emotion. It extends to meanings of being barren, unyielding, or producing no yield, whether literally in land or figuratively in relationships or actions.

This root primarily describes a strong, mature, and tall camel, particularly a male. It also extends to the concept of being upright, erect, and robust.

The root 'صلغد' appears to describe negative or undesirable qualities in men, including being base, excessively tall, having flaky red skin, being foolish and agitated, or being gluttonous.

The root صمد (ṣ-m-d) primarily denotes the concept of intending, aiming for, or heading towards something or someone. It extends to meanings of being a focal point, a leader, or a steadfast entity, and also relates to physical attributes like solidity and elevation.

This root appears to relate to purity, essence, and the core of something. It describes something that is unadulterated and of the highest quality.

This root appears to relate to concepts of scarcity, abundance, and firmness, particularly concerning livestock, water sources, and land. It describes animals with either little or abundant milk, lean or fat livestock, and solid, unyielding ground.

This root primarily relates to concepts of firmness, solidity, and steadfastness, often applied to a person's character or physical build. It also extends to meanings of going, proceeding, and becoming swollen or inflamed.

This root appears to relate to concepts of firmness, solidity, and strength, particularly when describing a man.

This root primarily denotes greatness, nobility, and prominence, often associated with leadership, power, and significant stature. It extends to describe intense or overwhelming phenomena, such as severe weather or formidable challenges.

This root primarily concerns intense heat, particularly the heat of the sun and summer. It extends to describe the intensity of such heat, days characterized by it, and even the phenomenon of mirages associated with it. Figuratively, it can also refer to tallness and largeness.

This root entry discusses the Arabic letter 'ṣād' (ص) as a phoneme and its characteristics within the Arabic alphabet. It touches upon its nature as a voiceless alveolar fricative, its role as an original or substituted letter, and its classification as one of the emphatic consonants that prevent fronting of vowels.