Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root عدا (ʿadā) primarily concerns the concept of exceeding, surpassing, or going beyond a limit or boundary. This extends to actions like passing over, skipping, or deviating from something, as well as concepts of moving past or leaving behind. It also encompasses notions of opposition, enmity, and mutual action.

The root عدا (ʿadā) primarily relates to concepts of exceeding, surpassing, and transgressing boundaries. It also encompasses meanings of grazing, moving, and the passage of time or events, often with a sense of natural progression or inevitable occurrence. Additionally, it denotes ancientness and lineage.

This root primarily describes land that is good, fertile, and far from undesirable elements like salt marshes, stagnant water, or dense populations. It extends to describe plants and animals thriving in such environments, and metaphorically, a person who is light and unburdened.

The root عرا (ʿara) primarily relates to concepts of land, places, and geographical features like mountains, hills, and valleys. It also extends to meanings associated with visiting, approaching, or being exposed to something, sometimes in a negative or challenging context.

The root عسا primarily denotes aging, growing old, and becoming stiff or hardened, whether referring to people, objects, or even the night. It also extends to meanings of approaching, nearing, and hoping or expecting, particularly in the context of the particle 'عسى'.

This root primarily concerns poor or absent vision, especially at night. It extends to metaphorical blindness, ignorance, and stumbling blindly. It also covers the act of seeking out or approaching something, particularly a fire at night for guidance or warmth, and by extension, any purposeful approach.

This root primarily deals with disobedience, opposition, and defiance against authority or command. It extends to concepts of stubbornness, resistance, and actions that go against what is expected or ordered, including physical actions like flying or a young animal not following its mother.

The root 'aḍā' primarily concerns the concept of dividing something into parts or members, akin to the limbs of a body. This division can apply to physical objects like a carcass or abstract concepts like scripture, implying fragmentation or distribution.

The root 'عطا' primarily denotes the act of reaching out for, taking, or receiving something. It extends to concepts of giving, handling, and even striving or undertaking tasks, with nuances related to willingness, generosity, and sometimes presumption or grasping.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of reptile, often described as a lizard or gecko, and its characteristics. It also delves into linguistic discussions about word formation, particularly the alternation between corrected and imalated forms in derived words.

This root primarily concerns causing distress, harm, or offense to someone. It also extends to the idea of something being difficult to digest or causing internal discomfort, particularly in animals, and metaphorically in humans. Finally, it can refer to destruction or death.

This root primarily concerns concepts of surrounding, encompassing, and elevation. It extends to digging, holding back, and also to the initial excretions of a newborn. Metaphorically, it can refer to being stubborn or resistant.

This root primarily concerns concepts of height, elevation, superiority, and reaching high places. It extends to abstract notions of honor, rank, and proximity to the divine, as well as physical ascent and recovery from illness. It also encompasses names and terms related to high status or elevated positions.

This root primarily concerns blindness, both literal and metaphorical. It extends to ignorance, lack of guidance, and confusion, encompassing the inability to perceive or understand.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a young, agile, and perhaps somewhat wild animal, specifically a young donkey (colt) or a swift, strong camel. It emphasizes qualities of lightness, speed, and robustness.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of being unaware, ignorant, or failing to perceive something. It extends to meanings of being hidden, concealed, or obscured, and also relates to specific natural phenomena like rain and dust.

This root primarily describes things carried by water, particularly flood debris like foam, dirt, and decaying matter. It extends to concepts of worthlessness, decay, and nausea, both physical and emotional.

The root غدا (ghada) primarily relates to the early part of the day, specifically the morning. It encompasses concepts of time, actions performed in the morning, and provisions for the day. Derived terms often denote specific times of day, the act of starting early, and the morning meal.

This root primarily concerns nourishment, growth, and sustenance, particularly for the body. It extends to concepts of nurturing, raising young, and the provision of food and drink. Metaphorically, it can refer to the flow or rapid movement of liquids and even speed.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sticking, adhering, or being attached to something. It extends to meanings of being obsessed with, glued to, or even covering something. Derived meanings include substances used for adhesion, and by extension, things that are stuck or attached, such as a young animal or a well-made object.

The root غزا (ghazā) primarily denotes intention, seeking, or aiming for something. It extends to the specific act of raiding or campaigning against an enemy, and also encompasses the concept of purpose or objective in speech and action.

This root primarily concerns the darkening of the night, specifically the onset of darkness around sunset. It also extends to concepts of aging and the early stages of dates.

The root غشا (ghasha) primarily relates to covering, veiling, or enveloping. It extends to concepts of obscuring vision or understanding, approaching or visiting someone, and also encompasses physical actions like striking or sexual intercourse. The root also denotes states of unconsciousness or death.

This root primarily relates to closing the eyes, being silent, and darkness. It also extends to concepts of patience, overlooking faults, and the appearance of the night. Additionally, it encompasses specific plants, animals associated with them, and a type of wine.

The root غطى primarily relates to covering, concealing, and enveloping. It extends to concepts of abundance, fullness, and obscuring, both physically and metaphorically, such as covering with darkness or ignorance.

This root primarily concerns the concept of wealth, sufficiency, and independence, often in contrast to poverty. It extends to meanings of being self-sufficient, providing for others, and enduring or residing in a place. It also encompasses the related but distinct concept of singing and vocal music.

The root غنا primarily relates to singing, music, and vocalization. It extends to poetic expression, praise, satire, and even specific locations associated with sound or music.

This root pertains to the act of inciting, instigating, or provoking someone against another. It describes the action of stirring up animosity or causing someone to act with hostility.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of going astray, deviating from the right path, and falling into error or ruin. It extends to meanings of corruption, deception, and being led into misguidance, often with a moral or spiritual dimension. It also encompasses physical states like being bloated or dying of hunger, and collective terms for crowds or swarms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of splitting, cleaving, or breaking open. It extends to describe the resulting gap or opening, and metaphorically, to groups or divisions of people.