Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes the concept of spaciousness, abundance, and spreading out, particularly in relation to shade. It can also refer to something being tall or lengthy.

The root وزف (w-z-f) primarily denotes rapid or approaching movement, specifically a quickening of pace or drawing near. It is often used to describe the swift gait of animals, particularly camels, and can also refer to hastening or urging something forward.

This root primarily describes cracking, peeling, or flaking, particularly of skin or surfaces. It extends to the shedding of hair or fur and can metaphorically apply to dried fruits.

This root primarily concerns the act of describing, characterizing, or defining something. It extends to the qualities or attributes themselves, and also encompasses concepts related to selling based on description, and the state of being young or a servant.

The root 'waṭafa' primarily describes abundance and length, particularly concerning hair, but extends to describe things that are heavy, abundant, or luxurious. It can also refer to pursuing something closely or to a specific type of heavy, continuous rain.

This root primarily concerns assigned portions, duties, or fixed amounts, whether of sustenance, tasks, or physical measurements. It extends to concepts of obligation, following, and the passage of time or fortune.

This root primarily concerns a deficiency or weakness in eyesight, specifically dimness or poor vision. It also extends to describe a rough or coarse terrain, particularly a waterhole with a hard or uneven bottom.

This root primarily relates to visual impairment, specifically dimness or weakness of sight. It also extends to meanings of speed, rapid movement, and in a specific context, sexual intercourse. Additionally, it can refer to a physical restraint used on an animal.

This root primarily concerns a specific gait or manner of running for a horse, characterized by the legs moving together. It also extends to the idea of things being joined, covered, or fitting together, and a type of lightning that flashes repeatedly.

This root primarily relates to the vigorous growth and intense greenness of plants, akin to shaking or trembling. It also extends to concepts of prominence, appearance, and taking hold of something that presents itself. Additionally, it signifies the burden of responsibility or trust.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to proper names. It does not seem to have common derived meanings or verbs associated with it in classical Arabic lexicography.

This root primarily concerns the concept of fleeing or escaping, particularly in the context of slaves running away from their masters. It also extends to meanings of hiding, concealing oneself, and, in a more specialized sense, withholding milk.

This root primarily concerns sleeplessness and the inability to sleep. It extends to describe a disease affecting crops and livestock, and also a human ailment causing jaundice. Additionally, it is linked to a term for a dangerous situation or a type of snake.

This root primarily denotes a state of constriction, narrowness, or difficulty. It is applied to physical spaces, challenging situations like warfare, and emotional distress such as a constricted chest.

This root appears to relate to sounds and actions associated with birds, specifically the flapping of wings. It also includes a loanword referring to a type of rich, thick silk fabric.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of medicinal substance, possibly a gum-like drug. It is noted as being of foreign origin within Arabic.

This root primarily concerns the concept of horizons, boundaries, and directions, extending to encompass vastness and reaching limits. It also develops meanings related to surpassing others in excellence, and to the processing and state of animal hides.

This root relates to the concept of depth, particularly in relation to the eye. It describes the appearance of the eye as being deep-set or having a profound gaze.

This root primarily discusses a specific type of wild plant, identified as 'al-ayhaqān'. The text explores its botanical characteristics, common names, and culinary uses, differentiating it from similar plants and clarifying its etymology.

This root primarily concerns concepts of heaviness, burden, and misfortune. It also extends to meanings related to water collection points and a specific unit of weight.

This root appears to relate to specific anatomical parts of an animal, particularly the leg and ankle region. It describes locations on the leg, the fetlock, and potentially the bone within that area.

This root primarily concerns the act of breaking or breaching something, especially a riverbank, to allow water to flow out. It extends to the idea of water emerging, a sudden appearance, or an overwhelming abundance, and also includes a specific plant disease.

This root primarily concerns severe eye defects, specifically blindness or loss of an eye, often with a connotation of the eye sinking or being sunken. It describes the state of the eye and the person afflicted, as well as the act of causing such a defect.

This root appears to refer to a specific type of plant, possibly with a Persian origin. Its usage seems limited and primarily documented in classical Arabic lexicography.

This root primarily discusses the Persian loanword 'bāziq' referring to red wine. It also touches upon its use as an intensifier for 'skilled' and its connection to the Persian term for chess pieces, specifically pawns, due to their agility.

This root primarily concerns the concept of escorting, guarding, or protecting a caravan or group of people. It also extends to the idea of a protective escort or guard itself, often with a Persian origin.

This root primarily relates to lightning and flashes of light. It extends to describe a type of plant, specific locations, tribal names, and a type of coarse silk fabric.

This root primarily deals with the concept of groups or gatherings, particularly of people or horses. It also has a less common meaning related to a type of plant, though this is disputed.

This root appears to describe states of joy, happiness, and flourishing, particularly in relation to blooming or becoming vibrant. It is used to express intense pleasure and delight, and metaphorically for plants in a state of flowering.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of truffle and also refers to a tribal name.

This root primarily relates to the act of spitting. It also has a secondary meaning related to sowing seeds and, by extension, the rising of the sun.

This root primarily concerns the concept of height, elevation, and surpassing others. It extends to the idea of rising in prominence or excellence, and also has a secondary, less common meaning related to spitting.

This root appears to relate to guarding, watchfulness, and potentially the produce or fruits of a garden. It is associated with a person who oversees a garden and the state of being unaware or unpersecuted.

This root primarily relates to concepts of difficulty, obstruction, and hardship. It can also denote speed or a sudden action, and in some contexts, refers to a type of bird.

This root primarily relates to the act of spitting, but also extends to various other meanings including specific types of stones, animals, places, and plants, as well as a sound associated with sheep.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a small piece of paper or cloth, often used for writing notes, recording information, or as a label. It can also refer to a tag or ticket, particularly one indicating price or content.

This root primarily concerns titles of high rank and leadership, particularly among Romans and Persians. It also extends to describe individuals of distinction, nobility, and even specific parts of footwear.

This root primarily relates to the intensity and suddenness of sound, water, or events. It also extends to the act of slaughtering, particularly animals, and the forceful splitting or bursting of things, including speech.

This root describes the act of water overflowing or bursting forth from a container like a basin or cistern. It specifically refers to the water escaping when a side of the container breaks.

This root primarily relates to sharp, claw-like implements or beings, emphasizing swiftness and a menacing nature. It also extends to describing a bad disposition or character.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to a specific place name. There is little to no semantic extension beyond this core meaning.

This root primarily relates to concepts of abundance, excess, and spreading, particularly concerning speech, offspring, and rain. It also extends to meanings of annoyance, small creatures, and the act of spreading or distributing something.

The root بلق primarily relates to the concept of patches of white and black, often describing animals, terrain, or objects with distinct coloration. It also extends to meanings of opening, splitting, and specific geographical locations or structures.

This root primarily describes abundance and volume, particularly concerning water. It extends to describe wells, springs, and even a camel that is abundant in milk, all conveying a sense of plentifulness.