Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the sound and action of flatulence, particularly in animals like donkeys. It also extends to describe the young of certain birds.

The root زلع primarily relates to the act of taking or extracting something stealthily. It also extends to meanings of cutting, cracking, and peeling, particularly concerning skin, feet, and hands, and can refer to a spoiled wound or a type of shell.

The root زمع (z-m-ʿ) primarily relates to concepts of speed, haste, and eagerness, often in movement or action. It also extends to meanings of protrusion, excess, and smallness, particularly in physical descriptions of animals and plants, and metaphorically to undesirable people or difficult matters.

This root pertains to adorning, beautifying, and preparing oneself, particularly for women. It encompasses the act of making something attractive and the state of being adorned or ready.

The root زوع primarily relates to the act of moving something forward, urging it on, or drawing it. This includes physically pulling or pushing an animal, gathering or scattering plants, and drawing food towards oneself. It also extends to abstract concepts like inciting or moving something, and specific objects like a piece of fruit or a bird.

This root primarily concerns the number seven and its multiples. It extends to concepts of completion, abundance, and the passage of time (a week). It also encompasses wild animals that prey on others, and in a more specific sense, the act of being the seventh or becoming seven.

The root سبع (s-b-ʿ) primarily relates to the number seven, but extends to concepts of wild animals (like lions), neglect, and harshness. It also encompasses actions like stabbing, criticizing, and biting, as well as specific terms for people or places associated with these meanings.

This root pertains to the concept of speed, swiftness, and rapid movement. It describes something or someone that is quick, fast, and proceeds with great alacrity.

This root primarily concerns the idea of being straight, even, and consistent, often applied to speech. It extends to concepts of rhyming, patterned speech, and even the cooing or prolonged sounds of animals and objects. It also carries a secondary meaning of intention or directness in movement.

This root primarily relates to guidance, swiftness, and striking or colliding. It also encompasses concepts of misfortune and safety from it, with some debate on the origin of certain derived terms.

This root describes intense, rapid running, often driven by fear or panic. It conveys a sense of fleeing or escaping with great speed.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure. It is primarily associated with a specific type of sour wine or vinegar.

This root primarily concerns spreading, rising, or extending, often associated with light, dust, wind, or physical height and length. It also extends to concepts of clarity, fragrance, and even sound and speech.

This root primarily deals with concepts of deterioration, decay, and decline, often associated with old age, the passage of time, or physical degradation. It also extends to meanings related to poor quality food and the movement or sound of certain animals.

This root primarily deals with concepts of discoloration, particularly darkening or blackening, often associated with heat, dirt, or emotional states like anger. It also extends to meanings of striking, seizing, or marking, and metaphorically to madness or affliction.

This root primarily relates to directions, regions, and areas, often with a sense of remoteness or extent. It also encompasses concepts of striking, speaking forcefully, and specific terms for birds and beverages.

This root primarily describes a state of being lost, confused, or wandering aimlessly. It extends to the idea of proceeding in error or being misguided, both in a physical and abstract sense.

The root سلع primarily relates to the concept of splitting, cracking, or a fissure. This extends to physical manifestations like scars from fire, cracks in skin or the ground, and even geological fissures. It also encompasses metaphorical extensions such as a path being 'split' or a wound in the head, as well as related concepts like likeness, poison, and certain plants.

This root primarily describes qualities of boldness, impudence, and forwardness, often associated with women but also applied to men and animals. It can also denote physical characteristics like leanness and speed, and in a derived sense, financial ruin or execution.

This root primarily describes desolate, barren, and rough terrain. It also extends to describe lightning and the act of becoming bankrupt or being struck on the neck.

This root appears to be related to specific, less common terms. It primarily defines names for a wolf and describes features of a mountain and a person's speech.

The root 'سمع' primarily relates to the act of hearing and perception. It extends to concepts of obedience, understanding, and even the physical dimensions of space, often metaphorically. Derived terms can describe beings with keen senses, specific locations, or even negative connotations of being sly or malevolent.

This root primarily describes a person of noble, generous, and handsome qualities, often associated with leadership and respect. It can also refer to swiftness and a predatory animal known for its speed.

This root appears to relate to the concept of having a small head. It is used to describe a person or a specific individual known for this characteristic.

This root appears to be related to the description of a wolf, specifically highlighting its swiftness or lightness.

This root primarily relates to the physical structure of the hand and wrist, specifically the joints and bones. It extends to concepts of beauty, excellence, and abundance, particularly in relation to animals like camels and abstract qualities like character.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of flowing water, melting, and spreading. It extends to meanings related to mud, plastering, and coating surfaces. Additionally, it encompasses the idea of loss, waste, and neglect, as well as the rapid growth or spreading of vegetation.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being full, satisfied, or satiated, particularly with food. It extends to meanings of abundance, sufficiency, and even excess, sometimes metaphorically applied to physical attributes, land, or abstract concepts like intellect and speech.

This root primarily relates to scorpions and, by extension, to dangerous or calamitous things. It also extends to the concept of restraint, specifically of the tongue, to avoid harm.

This root describes a state of distress or suffering, particularly related to illness or hunger. It conveys a sense of being afflicted, weakened, or agitated due to hardship.

This root primarily concerns bravery, courage, and boldness, particularly in the face of danger or fear. It extends to related concepts like strength, intensity, and sometimes, in classical usage, a form of madness or wildness. The root also encompasses terms for specific animals and physical attributes.

The root شرع (shara'a) primarily relates to entering, descending to, or approaching a body of water. It extends metaphorically to establishing laws, divine ordinances, and pathways. It also encompasses concepts of openness, directness, and sufficiency.

This root primarily deals with the concept of opening, splitting, or making a way. It extends to actions like skinning an animal, creating traps, and metaphorically, to boldness and courage. It also encompasses places and water sources.

This root primarily relates to carrying the dead and funeral processions. It also extends to descriptions of elongated or square-shaped objects, particularly tools like hammers and bows.

The root شسع primarily relates to the straps and parts of a sandal, particularly the thong that goes between the toes. It extends metaphorically to concepts of scarcity, smallness, distance, and separation, as well as to physical protrusions or extremities.

This root primarily describes something that is tall or elongated. It can refer to a person, an object, or even a flame.

The root شفع (shafaʿa) primarily relates to the concept of pairing, doubling, or making something even, contrasting with oddness (وتر - watar). It extends to the idea of intercession, support, and augmentation, as well as specific legal and religious contexts.

This root primarily relates to the act of drinking, particularly in a vigorous or unrefined manner. It also extends to meanings of striking or hitting, though this usage is considered less common or even unknown by some lexicographers.

This root appears to be very limited in usage, primarily referring to a small frog. Its derivatives are scarce and specific to this meaning.

This root primarily concerns states of distress, agitation, and anger, often stemming from illness or pain. It also extends to meanings related to stubbornness, stinginess, and specific botanical terms.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being long, extended, or stretching out. It can describe physical length, as well as the act of extending or stretching something.

This root primarily relates to wax, specifically beeswax used for lighting. It also extends to meanings of joy, merriment, playfulness, and lightheartedness, often in the context of social interaction or amusement.

This root primarily concerns ugliness, repulsiveness, and offensiveness. It extends to concepts of being notorious, infamous, and also to actions of hastening, preparing, or girding oneself.

The root شوع (sh-w-') primarily relates to spreading, scattering, and dispersion, often with connotations of disarray or untidiness. It can also refer to gathering or collecting, and metaphorically to a portion of time or a companion. The root also denotes a specific type of tree.

This root primarily relates to spreading, scattering, and following. It extends to concepts of companionship, marriage, and even specific flora and geographical locations. The core idea of diffusion or propagation is evident across its various derivatives.