Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root جعثر primarily relates to the act of gathering or collecting things together. It describes the process of amassing goods or possessions, often implying a thorough or comprehensive collection.

This root primarily describes individuals characterized by physical shortness and stoutness, often coupled with gluttony, arrogance, and poor character. It can also refer to someone with little intellect or someone who boasts about possessions they do not have.

This root primarily relates to the concept of rivers and streams, with variations in size from small to large and full. It is also used metaphorically for abundant female animals and as a proper name for a tribe and individuals.

This root appears to relate to concepts of gathering, compactness, and stoutness, particularly in the context of animals and physical description. It describes a specific action of a donkey and physical attributes of a person.

This root primarily concerns the concept of stubbornness, persistence, and insistence, particularly in the context of argumentation or negotiation. It describes someone who is obstinate and refuses to yield.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of flower, the pomegranate blossom. It is a well-known and recognized term in classical Arabic.

The root جمر (j-m-r) primarily relates to concepts of gathering, collecting, and counting, often in large numbers or in a concentrated manner. It also extends to meanings of sweat mixed with blood, and the appearance of something being wrinkled or clumped.

This root appears to relate to concepts of spaciousness, breadth, and fullness, particularly in relation to the belly or interior of something.

The root جمزر (j-m-z-r) appears to be related to the concept of retreating or fleeing. It describes the act of turning back or running away from a situation.

This root primarily describes concepts related to elevation, roughness, and aggregation. It refers to elevated, rough terrain, large gatherings, and the act of gathering oneself.

The root جمهر (jmhr) primarily relates to the concepts of gathering, collecting, and amassing. It extends to describe large quantities, crowds, and prominent groups, as well as the act of accumulating or piling up things, particularly earth on a grave.

This root primarily discusses terms related to young birds, specifically the chick of the bustard. It also extends to descriptions of people, referring to someone short or stout, and even names a horse.

This root describes something large, bulky, and imposing, particularly in reference to camels. It conveys a sense of immense size and stature.

This root appears to be related to specific, possibly regional, terms, with the primary example referring to a type of palm tree in Basra.

This root appears to relate to the concept of graves or burial sites. The primary meaning discussed is that of old or ancient graves.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to a specific type of excrement. Its semantic scope is narrow and seems to be confined to this particular meaning.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of date palm or date, possibly with connotations of abundance or a particular quality. The primary usage found is in identifying a specific variety of date.

This root primarily relates to affirmation, agreement, and oaths, functioning similarly to 'yes' or 'indeed'. It also extends to meanings of plaster, a mixture used in construction, and intense heat or dryness, particularly in the throat or chest.

This root primarily relates to the bird known as the 'hubara' (bustard), detailing its behaviors, characteristics, and symbolic meanings in Arabic proverbs and literature. It also extends to terms for writing ink, inkwells, and place names.

This root primarily describes shortness or being stout. It is used as an adjective for people and animals, and also appears as a name for a fox and a man.

This root primarily relates to thickness, coarseness, and swelling, particularly in the context of a bowstring or a male bird. It also extends to a state of being swollen with anger.

This root appears to be related to extreme cold or intense coldness. It is used in comparative expressions to denote a very high degree of cold.

This root primarily relates to severe calamities, great dangers, and confusion. It also extends to concepts of gathering, dense crowds, and specific geographical features like sand dunes.

The root حثر (ḥathara) primarily relates to a rough or gritty sensation, particularly in the eye, and by extension, to things that are coarse, unrefined, or poorly formed. It also extends to meanings of expansion, swelling, and the early stages of fruit development.

The root حجر primarily denotes concepts related to stone, rock, and hardness. It extends to meanings of prohibition, sanctity, protection, and confinement, often metaphorically derived from the idea of a stone barrier or enclosure. It also encompasses the idea of a lap or embrace, particularly of a child.

The root حجر primarily relates to the concept of enclosure, protection, restriction, and surrounding. This encompasses physical boundaries like walls or fenced areas, as well as abstract notions of intellect, restraint, and sacredness. It also extends to specific locations, body parts, and even names.

The root حدر primarily denotes movement downwards or a rapid descent. It extends to concepts of speed, fullness, robustness, and abundance, often in physical or descriptive contexts. It also encompasses terms related to the eyes, skin, and even specific quantities of animals.

This root describes a state of extreme emaciation, particularly in animals, where the spine and ribs become prominent due to lack of flesh. It is metaphorically extended to describe years of severe drought and hardship, or difficult and arduous situations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of fear, caution, and preparedness. It encompasses states of being fearful, vigilant, and alert, as well as the act of warning or causing fear. Derived terms describe individuals who are cautious, things that cause fear, and even specific geographical or military contexts.

This root primarily relates to the sides, edges, and extremities of things. It extends to encompass the entirety of something, implying completeness, and also denotes fullness or abundance, particularly in the context of filling containers or gathering large numbers of people.

This root primarily concerns the concept of heat, intensity, and burning. It extends to related ideas of freedom, thirst, and dryness, as well as the physical characteristics of certain types of land.

The root 'ḥrr' primarily relates to freedom, manumission, and nobility. It extends to concepts of purity, excellence, and choice, as well as specific geographical locations and natural phenomena.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of setting free, making something correct or clear, and freedom. It extends to terms for specific places, animals, and even abstract concepts like suffering and divine judgment.

The root حزر (ḥazara) primarily relates to estimation, conjecture, and approximation, often based on guesswork or intuition. It extends to concepts of selection, choosing the best, and also to descriptions of ripeness, maturity, and physical strength, particularly in young men. Additionally, it encompasses meanings related to sourness in liquids and specific geographical locations.

The root حشر (ḥashara) primarily denotes the act of gathering, collecting, or assembling. This core meaning extends to the gathering of people on the Day of Judgment, the act of expulsion or exile from homelands, and the collection of animals or other entities. It can also refer to the process of thinning or refining, and in a biological context, to small ground-dwelling creatures.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of surrounding, encompassing, confining, and restricting. It extends to meanings of being surrounded by something, or something being limited or contained. It also has a derived meaning related to adornment and deception.

This root primarily describes largeness and spaciousness, particularly related to the belly or stomach. It is used for large animals, containers, and even hyenas due to their prominent bellies. It can also denote abundance and dispersion.

This root primarily relates to the act of falling or being struck down, often in the context of epilepsy or being felled by projectiles. It also encompasses terms for a type of sword.

The root حظر (ḥaẓara) primarily denotes prohibition, prevention, and enclosure. It encompasses the act of blocking or restricting something, creating a barrier, and the state of being forbidden or protected within an enclosure.