Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to relate to a specific type of large, short man. The primary derived term describes this physical characteristic.

This root appears to describe the act of plunging or immersing oneself, particularly into something dangerous or challenging like warfare. It conveys a sense of deep engagement and involvement.

This root primarily concerns falling into something unpleasant, whether a physical stumble, a shameful word, or a morally corrupt state. It also extends to describe people with bad character or unstable dispositions, and includes several specific names and terms.

This root primarily describes a young camel (fasil) drinking too much milk, leading to indigestion, bloating, and illness. It also extends to the concept of being knowledgeable or skilled in treating such conditions.

The root دكا (d-k-w) primarily relates to the concept of being crushed, flattened, or pounded. It can also extend to meanings of becoming fat or being cut, depending on the context and derived form.

This root primarily concerns blood, its physical properties, and related concepts. It extends to ideas of bleeding, staining, and even metaphorical connections to vengeance and strong emotions. Derived terms also cover visual representations and specific types of wounds.

This root primarily relates to the concept of something becoming apparent, visible, or close. It also encompasses terms for specific plants and geographical locations, often with metaphorical associations to blood or redness.

This root primarily denotes closeness, proximity, and nearness in both physical and abstract senses. It extends to concepts of kinship, approaching something, and even the idea of being inferior or lowly.

This root primarily relates to proximity, closeness, and coming near. It also extends to concepts of weakness, diminishment, and degradation, as well as specific geographical locations and a prophet's name.

This root primarily concerns intelligence, astuteness, and cunning. It also extends to encountering significant or calamitous events, and in some contexts, to defect or flaw.

This root primarily deals with the concept of rolling, tumbling, or moving something downwards, often with a sense of momentum or instability. It can also extend to describing a person's nature or origin.

This root primarily describes a type of intense, rapid, or violent movement or action. It can refer to a swift gait in animals or a forceful, aggressive approach in general.

This root primarily concerns rapid, forceful movement, specifically in the context of driving or herding animals at a high speed. It also extends to the general meaning of moving quickly and, metaphorically, to wilting or becoming weak.

This root appears to primarily relate to the concept of lying or falsehood, with some connection to a specific tribe's name. There are also mentions of obscure terms possibly related to animal hair or a small body of water, though their connection and validity are questioned.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of driving, chasing, and expelling. It extends to the idea of being exposed to the elements, particularly wind, and also includes a specific, less common meaning related to sexual intercourse.

This root primarily relates to elevation, height, and reaching upwards. It extends to concepts of prominence, high status, and the peak or summit of things. It also encompasses geographical locations and personal names associated with these meanings.

This root describes a state of looseness or drooping, particularly in the ears or nose. It is applied to animals like horses and donkeys, indicating a physical characteristic of slackness.

The root ذكا primarily relates to the intensity and completion of fire, light, and heat. It extends to concepts of sharpness, intelligence, maturity, and the proper slaughter of animals.

This root primarily concerns the concept of humility, submission, and being subdued. It extends to meanings of haste, stealthy movement, and even physical states of weakness or relaxation.

This root primarily concerns concepts related to the lingering essence of life, the final moments of death, and the physical sensations associated with it. It also extends to meanings of persistence, endurance, and unpleasant sensations like foul odors or irritating feelings.

This root appears to relate to speaking incoherently or nonsensically, and also to arrogance or haughtiness. The primary distinction is between the verb 'hathā' (هذى) for nonsensical speech and 'dhahā' (ذها) for arrogance, though the latter is noted as less common or attested.

This root primarily concerns the concept of wilting, drying out, and becoming weak, often due to lack of water or excessive heat. It extends to describe things that are withered or dried, and also has specific applications to weak female sheep and the outer skins of fruits.

This root primarily relates to the concept of coldness, specifically the biting or intense cold of a day. It is used to describe a day that is not cold, or to negate the presence of such cold.

The root رتا (r-t-w) primarily relates to the concepts of strengthening, tightening, and pulling something taut. It also extends to meanings of moving forward, taking a step, and achieving a position or rank. Some derived terms also encompass notions of throwing or casting.

This root primarily concerns lamenting, mourning, and expressing sorrow or pity for someone, especially after their death. It also extends to meanings of weakness, foolishness, and physical ailments, particularly in joints.

This root primarily concerns hope and expectation, often as the opposite of despair. It also extends to meanings of fear, anticipation, and the act of delaying or postponing. Additionally, it encompasses spatial terms referring to sides or regions.

This root primarily concerns concepts of softness, looseness, ease, and gentleness. It extends to meanings of slackening, sending, and a relaxed state, both physically and in terms of living conditions. It also encompasses specific terms related to animal gait and the pronunciation of certain Arabic letters.

This root primarily relates to the concept of perishing, destruction, or going astray. It can also refer to a place, particularly a sandy area, and the act of going or disappearing.

This root primarily concerns states of weakness, exhaustion, and emaciation, often due to illness, travel, or hunger. It describes beings, particularly animals like camels, that are severely weakened and unable to move or keep up.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of seeking refuge, leaning on, or resorting to someone or something for support. It also extends to the idea of benefiting or showing kindness, particularly in a religious context.

The root رسا (rasa) primarily denotes stability, firmness, and settling. It applies to physical objects like mountains and ships becoming stationary, as well as abstract concepts like the establishment of an idea or the permanence of a place. It can also relate to the act of mentioning or recalling something.

This root primarily concerns the concept of bribery, involving giving, taking, or facilitating it. It also extends to meanings related to ropes, cords, and reaching or extending, metaphorically linking the act of bribery to the means of reaching something desired.

This root primarily relates to the concept of firmness, solidity, and careful preparation. It encompasses meanings of making something firm, setting it in place, and also implies a deliberate intention or planning, particularly in the context of fasting.

This root primarily concerns the concept of contentment, satisfaction, and approval. It extends to related ideas of acceptance, willingness, and being pleased with something or someone. The opposite is displeasure or anger.