Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns states of distress, agitation, and intense desire. It encompasses psychological states like confusion, anxiety, and stubbornness, as well as physical states like hunger and thirst. It also extends to descriptions of animals and objects associated with these states.

This root primarily denotes confusion, bewilderment, and being lost, both physically and metaphorically. It extends to a lack of clear direction, understanding, or guidance, akin to blindness in perception.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of plant. The derived terms focus on this botanical meaning, with variations in singular and plural forms.

This root pertains to the concept of exaggeration or going to extremes in an undertaking. It describes someone who is excessive or overly diligent when engaged in a matter.

This root pertains to the sound used to call or drive camels and sheep. It specifically refers to a vocalization made to make these animals stop or hold back.

This root primarily concerns concepts of stopping, resting, and affliction. It describes a light sleep, halting in a place, and various forms of calamities or pests that affect crops, property, or animals.

This root primarily concerns affliction, damage, or disease affecting property, crops, or land. It also extends to vocally addressing or calling out to someone, and specific interjections used for controlling animals.

This root primarily deals with the concept of deception, trickery, and being fooled or beguiled. It extends to notions of surprise, suddenness, and sometimes a lack of awareness or preparedness that facilitates the deception.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being short, stunted, or compressed, particularly in reference to the back or spine. It describes a physical condition of being bent or shortened.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of forgetting, causing to forget, and speech impediments such as stammering or being tongue-tied. It also extends to meanings of making a mistake, falling from a high status, or being ignorant.

This root primarily relates to the mouth and speaking, encompassing the act of speaking, the physical mouth, and the capacity for eloquent speech. It also extends to the concept of eating and appetite, and metaphorically to the opening or entrance of things.

This root primarily concerns conditions of the skin and body, specifically peeling, darkening, or becoming covered in dirt or a rash. It also extends to the idea of something being fixed or settled, particularly in the context of eyes.

This root appears to be related to the concept of coldness or coolness, with some derived terms referring to specific locations.

This root primarily relates to a lack of appetite or thirst, particularly in animals like camels. It also describes a state of being submerged or appearing intermittently, often used metaphorically for mirages or uncertain movement.

This root appears to describe a state of being extremely deaf or mute, possibly to an exaggerated degree. It is presented as a comparative or intensifier, similar to other expressions used for extreme sensory deprivation.

This root primarily describes a specific type of loud, repeated laughter, often characterized by a guttural sound. It also extends metaphorically to describe the sound of heavy loads or the sound of fast, arduous travel.

This root primarily relates to milk that has a slightly altered taste, often with a hint of sweetness. It also extends to a type of fine, white fabric originating from a specific region, and to a man who is prosperous or living a comfortable life.

This root primarily concerns the concept of obedience, submission, and willingness to help or respond. It extends to notions of authority, prestige, and the act of assisting others, particularly in communal tasks.

This root primarily relates to the shape and form of the face, specifically the forehead and its characteristics. It also touches upon the idea of turning or inverting something, though this sense is less prominent in the provided text.

This root appears to be a variant or misspelling of the root كده (k-d-h), which relates to exertion, toil, and effort. It is often used in the context of hard work and fatigue.

This root primarily concerns the concept of striking forcefully, causing damage or breakage. It extends to meanings of hardship, exertion, and struggle, particularly in earning a living or enduring distress. It also encompasses the idea of being overcome or defeated, and physically marking or parting something.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a leader, commander, or a central pillar of support. It encompasses terms for the chief of an army and significant figures or structures that hold things together.

The root كمه (k-m-h) primarily denotes blindness, particularly congenital blindness. It can also refer to a temporary or acquired dimness of sight, a loss of mental acuity, or a change in color, sometimes metaphorically extended to describe confusion or being lost.

This root primarily concerns the essence, reality, core, or ultimate nature of something. It also extends to its limit, end, or final goal, and metaphorically, its appropriate time or occasion.

This root primarily relates to concepts of largeness, old age, and heaviness, particularly when describing animals. It also extends to sounds, specifically vocalizations like groaning, roaring, and laughter, and by extension, to the act of breathing or exhaling. Finally, it encompasses terms for being imposing, weak, or hesitant.

This root primarily relates to confusion, perplexity, and being bewildered. It can also extend to meanings of things becoming scattered, spread out, or extensively difficult to grasp. Some derivatives are used in the sense of intense inquiry or investigation.

This root appears to relate to a lack of resourcefulness, cunning, or ability to act. It describes someone who is stuck, unable to find a solution or a way out of a situation.

This root primarily concerns the gums of the teeth. It describes the fleshy part at the base of the teeth and the area where teeth are embedded.

This root primarily concerns the act of striking or hitting, specifically with the palm of the hand. It also extends to encompass the concept of receiving or hearing news, particularly when it is unsubstantiated or unverified.

This root primarily relates to concepts of returning, instability, and vastness, particularly in the context of deserts and open spaces where mirages appear. It also extends to descriptions of poor quality in textiles, speech, and even physical appearance.

This root primarily relates to the shimmering or flickering appearance of heat haze, often described as a mirage. It also extends to concepts of distortion, brightness, and in a classical context, the divine name and a type of serpent or idol.

This root primarily concerns deviation from the right path, engaging in folly, falsehood, and vanity. It also touches upon boasting, exaggeration, and feigning ignorance or indifference.

This root primarily relates to praise and commendation, often with a nuance of flattery or attributing qualities. It is closely linked to the concept of praising someone, sometimes for qualities they possess and sometimes for qualities they do not.

This root primarily relates to whiteness, particularly in the context of the eye, and by extension, to a lack of adornment or a state of being unembellished. It also extends to concepts of disease, barrenness, and specific geographical or tribal names.

This root primarily relates to the concept of jesting, joking, and playful interaction. It encompasses the act of making lighthearted remarks or engaging in humorous banter.

This root primarily deals with the concept of movement, specifically going or traveling across the land. It implies a sense of traversing or covering distance.

This root primarily relates to concepts of whiteness, paleness, and sometimes a harsh or unpleasant brightness, often associated with mirages, barren land, or physical appearances. It can also extend to meanings of affection or confusion.

This root primarily relates to a state of being full or complete, often in a negative or depleted sense. It can describe a person who is mentally absent or a substance lacking flavor. It also touches upon the idea of something being an emphatic repetition.

This root primarily relates to gentleness, ease, and pleasantness, often applied to movement or disposition. It also extends to concepts of insignificance, emptiness, and barrenness, particularly in the context of deserts. Additionally, it encompasses interjections of stopping or caution.

This root primarily concerns the concept of water, specifically its abundance in a well or its removal. It also extends to the idea of watering something or exposing a sword to the sun to remove its moisture.

This root primarily concerns the act of repelling, deterring, or turning someone away, often with harshness or an unwelcome reception. It also extends to the idea of appearing or emerging, and in a specific context, to a state of being insatiable or unthriving.

The root نده primarily concerns the act of driving away, repelling, or deterring, often through shouting or vocalization. It also extends to concepts of abundance, particularly in wealth and livestock, and in specific contexts, refers to a woman's boldness or a man's lack of concern for his wife's property after divorce.

The root نزه (n-z-h) primarily relates to the concept of being distant, remote, or far away. This extends to physical distance from places like water or populated areas, as well as abstract distance from undesirable things like flaws, sins, or impurities. It also encompasses the act of moving away or seeking a remote place.