Mukhtarus al-Sihah (Al-Razi, d. 666H)

This root primarily concerns the residual redness of the sky after sunset, extending into the early night. It also extends to the concept of compassion, pity, and caution, often stemming from a sense of concern or fear.

This root primarily concerns the concept of splitting, dividing, or cracking. It extends to meanings of separation, opposition, hardship, and even dawn. Derived terms also describe physical cracks, parts of objects, distant journeys, and specific ailments or natural phenomena.

This root primarily denotes a specific type of bird, known as the 'ash-shuqraaq' or 'al-akhayal'. It is associated with a sense of ill omen among Arab traditions. The root also includes a variant pronunciation for the bird's name.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being tall or long, particularly in a way that might be considered excessive or remarkable. It is primarily used to describe physical stature.

This root primarily concerns the concept of longing, yearning, and intense desire for something or someone. It describes the inner turmoil and emotional pull experienced when one misses or craves something absent.

This root primarily concerns the concept of rising, elevation, and intense sound, particularly in the context of breathing and vocalization. It extends to descriptions of high places, strong emotions like anger, and the sounds made by animals and humans, including laughter and cries.

This root primarily relates to mountains, specifically difficult or elevated terrain. It also extends to concepts of reaching or stretching towards something, often with effort.

This root primarily concerns truthfulness, sincerity, and authenticity, contrasting with falsehood. It extends to concepts of confirmation, giving alms, and marital gifts, as well as qualities of steadfastness and bravery.

This root primarily deals with sudden, overwhelming forces, often associated with lightning, thunder, or divine punishment. It extends to fainting, death, and intense sounds, reflecting a concept of being struck or overcome.

This root primarily relates to concepts of weakness, lack of substance, and a type of person involved in trade without capital. It also refers to a specific place and a group of people associated with it.

The root صفق (ṣafq) primarily relates to striking, hitting, and clapping, often with an audible sound. It extends to concepts of exchange, agreement, closing, and movement, particularly in the context of trade, doors, and natural forces like wind and water.

This root primarily relates to loud, harsh sounds, often associated with shouting or crying out. It also extends to meanings of striking, sharp teeth, and specific geographical or social terms.

This root primarily relates to dust, specifically fine dust or powder, often associated with the ground, roads, or animal hooves. It can also extend to the concept of being fine or powdery.

This root primarily concerns the concept of narrowness, constriction, and hardship. It extends to encompass feelings of distress, financial difficulty, and a lack of space or capacity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of covering, layering, or fitting together. It extends to ideas of conformity, agreement, encompassing, and completeness, often applied to physical arrangements, social strata, and even abstract states.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of land tax or tribute, often of Persian origin, levied on agricultural land. It signifies a fixed payment derived from the produce or value of the land.

This root primarily denotes the commencement or beginning of an action, often implying a continuous or ongoing process. It can also refer to the sounds made by animals, particularly hooves.

This root primarily concerns concepts of release, freedom, and unhindered movement. It extends to descriptions of open, cheerful disposition, swiftness, and also includes terms related to childbirth pain and specific types of restraints or journeys.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a ring, collar, or something encircling. It extends to notions of capacity, ability, burden, and architectural features like arches.

This root primarily relates to clinging, sticking, and the lingering presence of something, often a pleasant scent or a mark. It also extends to meanings of shrewdness, cunning, and sharpness, particularly in the context of claws or scars.

The root عتق (ʿ-t-q) primarily relates to freedom, manumission, and nobility. It extends to concepts of age, antiquity, excellence, and speed, particularly in relation to horses and wine.

This root primarily relates to concepts of mixing, intermingling, and abundance, particularly in the context of clouds and fertile land.

This root primarily relates to a specific tool for drawing water from a well, and by extension, to making a guess or conjecture without certainty. It also describes a person with indecisive or unformed opinions.

This root primarily relates to the date palm and its fruit, encompassing the tree itself, its clusters, and actions related to its cultivation and harvesting. It also extends to metaphorical uses of marking or associating something with a negative trait.

The root عرق (ʿaraqa) primarily relates to the act of sweating or exuding liquid. It extends to concepts of lineage, origin, and deep-rootedness, as well as physical structures like veins and lines. It also encompasses terms for specific geographical locations and agricultural practices.

This root primarily concerns the act of plowing or breaking up the earth. It also extends to the tools used for this purpose, describing them as large and heavy implements for digging.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being intensely attached to something, to the point of obsession or clinging. It also extends to the idea of a female animal becoming pregnant or showing signs of pregnancy.

This root primarily concerns intense love and affection. It describes the state of being deeply in love, the act of loving intensely, and individuals characterized by such strong emotions. It also touches upon the concept of feigning or cultivating love.

This root primarily denotes a type of thorny plant, specifically the 'asharq'. It also appears in poetry to describe the sound of rustling or the movement of such plants, possibly due to their thorny nature.

The root عفق (ʿafq) primarily relates to repeated actions, particularly in the context of copulation, returning, or frequent visits. It also encompasses concepts of going away, turning aside, and speed.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of cutting, splitting, and breaking. It extends to the hair of a newborn, a sacrificial animal, and even the sound of thunder or lightning. It also encompasses disobedience and the act of giving birth.

The root علق (ʿalaqa) primarily denotes the concept of attachment, hanging, or sticking to something. This extends to physical hanging, emotional attachment (love, desire), and even pregnancy or consumption of food. It also encompasses things that are attached or valuable.

This root primarily concerns the concept of depth, both literal and figurative. It extends to the bottom of things like wells and valleys, the extent of distances, and the act of delving deeply into matters or speech.

This root primarily refers to a specific ancient people, the Amalekites, descendants of Amalek son of Laod son of Aram son of Shem son of Noah. They were tribes who dispersed throughout the land.

This root primarily concerns the neck, its length, and things associated with it. It extends to describe gait, adornments worn around the neck, and metaphorically, eagerness or a difficult situation.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hindering, obstructing, or holding back. It extends to meanings of delay, impediment, and even refers to specific entities like a star and an idol associated with obstruction.

The root عهق (ʿ-h-q) primarily relates to the concept of tallness or length, particularly in reference to beings or objects. It can also denote specific colors or types of animals associated with this characteristic.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a coast or shoreline, specifically the area adjacent to the sea. It appears to be a specialized term for a geographical feature.

This root primarily concerns the act of drinking, specifically in the evening or at night. It denotes the time of drinking and the action itself, with derived forms indicating the person who drinks and the act of being given drink.

This root primarily relates to abundance and flowing water, extending to descriptions of softness and youth, and also encompasses terms for reptiles and snakes.

This root primarily concerns the concept of drowning or submerging in water. It extends to meanings of being overwhelmed, destroyed, or deeply involved. Figuratively, it can also refer to intense effort or encompassing.

This root primarily concerns the onset of darkness, particularly at night, and by extension, the dimming or darkening of other things. It also extends to the cooling and putrefaction of liquids, and the delaying of prayer.

This root primarily relates to drinking deeply or continuously, and also to returning or coming back repeatedly. It encompasses the act of consuming a drink over an extended period and the action of animals returning to water or pasture at intervals.

The root غلق primarily concerns the concept of closing, shutting, or locking. It extends to related ideas such as being stuck, obstructed, or seized, particularly in legal and metaphorical contexts. The root also encompasses terms for locking mechanisms and specific objects associated with closing.

This root primarily describes a green covering on water, often referring to aquatic plants. It also extends to meanings of softness, looseness, and abundance, particularly in relation to living conditions or objects.

This root primarily relates to the concept of moisture, dew, and the resulting heaviness or dampness on the ground and plants. It also extends to a sense of thickness or obscurity.

This root primarily relates to the sound of a crow, specifically its cawing. It also extends metaphorically to describe a state of confusion or indecisiveness in opinion.

The root فتق (f-t-q) primarily denotes the concept of splitting, tearing, or opening something that was previously joined or closed. It extends to meanings related to separation, division, and the breaking of unity, as well as physical conditions and natural phenomena like the dawn and fertile land.