Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the concept of death, often sudden or unexpected. It also extends to describe a geographical feature: a low-lying area surrounded by higher ground.

This root primarily describes qualities of excellence, strength, and beauty, often associated with Persian nobility, fine horses, and precious metals. It also extends to concepts of newness, purity, and even fierceness, like that of a lion.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a subtle or hidden sound, often a whisper or a faint utterance. It can also extend to the idea of a quiet or restrained speech.

This root primarily deals with the concept of death or dying. It also extends to geographical locations, specifically valleys and market places.

This root primarily relates to titles of Persian royalty and a specific action of chewing or manipulating food in the mouth. It also includes a place name.

This root appears to be related to the metal iron. The derived forms all refer to iron, with variations in form and possibly emphasis.

The root همز (hamaza) primarily denotes actions of pressing, pushing, nudging, or prodding. This extends to figurative senses like speaking ill of someone, whispering temptations, or even the physical act of a letter being pronounced with a glottal stop.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a sting, bite, or a painful affliction, often used metaphorically for hurtful words or actions.

This root, originating from Persian, relates to estimation, measurement, and calculation. It specifically refers to something given without measure or limit, and by extension, to someone skilled in estimating or designing structures and water channels.

This root primarily relates to death and the unknown, with a secondary meaning concerning a specific geographical location and a system of numerology.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of tree, though its existence or common usage is questioned. The primary term denotes a kind of tree, with a note indicating uncertainty about its authenticity.

This root primarily concerns brevity, conciseness, and speed, particularly in speech, action, or giving. It can also refer to something light or swift.

The root 'وخز' primarily relates to the concept of a small amount or a slight prick. It encompasses notions of a little bit of greenery, sparse gray hairs, a minor sin, a light or non-penetrating stab, a mild illness, or a small quantity of something.

This root primarily relates to lightness, quickness, and a specific type of gait or movement. It also extends to terms for a tool used in earthmoving and, most prominently, to the waterfowl known as geese and ducks.

The root 'w-sh-z' primarily relates to the concept of elevation, rising, or prominence. It extends to meanings of hardship, difficulty, and intensity, particularly in life's circumstances. It can also denote urgency or haste.

This root primarily concerns the concept of advancing, proceeding, or taking initiative in a matter. It can also refer to sending a message or giving an instruction to someone.

This root primarily concerns the concept of haste, speed, and a state of being unsettled or not fully settled. It extends to meanings of readiness, preparation, and a posture of being poised for action or travel.

This root appears to relate to a state of restlessness or inability to sleep, characterized by tossing and turning. It describes someone who is perpetually unsettled and finds it difficult to achieve repose.

This root primarily denotes the act of pushing, striking, or stabbing, often with a closed fist or a pointed object. It can also refer to a sharp, sudden movement or a bite, and in a specific context, a place.

This root primarily concerns the concept of pushing, shoving, or striking with force, often implying a heavy or forceful impact. It extends to concepts of urging animals forward, treading heavily, and even a specific gait or manner of walking. It also describes a physical characteristic of being stout or thickset.

This root primarily relates to leadership, command, and authority, often associated with the concept of a prince, emir, or ruler. It also extends to the idea of cultivation and farming, particularly in a historical context where farmers were sometimes seen as subordinate or even associated with specific religious groups.

This root primarily concerns deception, betrayal, and treachery. It also extends to meanings related to mental confusion, weakness, and a lack of understanding or response.

This root primarily deals with the concept of 'yesterday' and its temporal implications. It explores the grammatical variations and etymological origins of the word 'yesterday' (أمس), including its fixed and inflected forms, and its relationship to other temporal adverbs.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of seeing, perceiving, becoming familiar with, and feeling at ease. It extends to the idea of recognizing or knowing something, and by extension, to the presence of people or companionship.

The root ءوس primarily relates to giving, bestowing, and compensating. It extends to concepts of exchange, replacement, and even the act of biting or consuming. The root also encompasses the wolf, a specific tribe from Yemen, and various botanical terms.

This root primarily concerns hardship, severity, and danger. It encompasses concepts of distress, misfortune, and the potential for evil or harm to arise. The root is often used in expressions of apprehension or warning about impending difficulties.

This root primarily concerns the term for a young camel or infant, with potential extensions to human infants. It explores the origin and usage of this term, particularly in classical poetry and religious contexts.

This root primarily concerns the concept of bursting forth, breaking through, or emerging, often with a connotation of water or liquid. It can also refer to a wound that has burst open or a substance that is seeping.

This root appears to describe a state of coming or arriving, often with a connotation of emptiness, lack of substance, or perhaps a clumsy or unrefined manner of appearance. It can also relate to the act of shaking or shedding something.

This root primarily concerns the concept of deficiency, reduction, or diminution. It extends to unfairness, injustice, and undervaluing, particularly in transactions and rights. It also has specialized meanings related to physical actions and agricultural terms.

This root appears to relate to the act of throwing or casting something, often with a sense of accusation or blame. It is primarily used in a classical context.

This root primarily relates to cotton and its processing, extending to concepts of brightness, guidance, and even specific locations and tribes. It also encompasses terms for skill and intensity in dealings.

This root appears to relate to deep wells. The primary meaning provided is that of a deep well itself.

This root primarily deals with celestial bodies, specifically planets and stars, and also refers to targets or markers used in various contexts, including archery and well-digging.

This root appears to describe something or someone that is wicked, evil, or corrupt. It is used to characterize a person as having a malevolent or detestable nature.

This root appears to relate to the act of hiring out animals, specifically camels and donkeys, for people. It describes the person who engages in this business and the associated fee.

This root appears to describe qualities of a female camel, specifically its abundance of milk and its beauty or perfection. It also relates to the name of a male camel, possibly indicating a lineage associated with such desirable traits.

This root primarily concerns a type of hooded garment, specifically a cap or hood attached to a robe. It also extends to describe a specific manner of walking, particularly for dogs, and by extension, humans, sometimes implying haste or an unskillful gait. Finally, it refers to human beings, with variations in spelling and pronunciation.

This root appears to be related to place names, possibly of foreign origin. The primary discussion revolves around a specific place name derived from this root.

This root primarily relates to the concept of blackness or darkness. It also has a specific regional association with Yemen.

This root primarily relates to the concept of overcoming or defeating someone, often through a game or contest. It also encompasses a specific children's game involving a rolled-up cloth and a stone, treated as a ball.

The root بلس primarily relates to silence, despair, and hopelessness, often stemming from a loss of argument or divine mercy. It also encompasses terms for specific fruits, plants, and containers, some of which have Persian origins.

This root primarily describes large, somewhat sluggish female camels. It also extends to terms for foolishness and astonishment.