Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to relate to donkeys, specifically a term for a donkey and its etymology. The primary focus is on a Himyaritic word for donkey and its potential derivation.

The root كشم primarily relates to the concept of cutting, specifically the nose, leading to meanings of mutilation and deficiency. It extends to describe a lack of completeness in physical form, lineage, or character, and also denotes a forceful or rough manner of eating.

This root primarily relates to forceful actions like biting, pushing, or striking. It also extends to the concept of retreating or turning back, sometimes in a way that implies a failure to reach a destination.

The root K-TH-M primarily relates to holding back, restraining, or suppressing something, particularly emotions like anger or physical urges like belching or drinking. It extends to concepts of silence, blockage, and containment, applied to both abstract feelings and physical objects or passages.

The root كعم (k-ʿ-m) primarily relates to the concept of binding or closing the mouth, often to prevent eating, biting, or speaking. It extends to covering or sealing openings and metaphorically to silencing or suppressing.

This root describes something that is protruding, bulky, or large, particularly referring to the posterior or a woman's physique. It emphasizes a significant and noticeable size or prominence.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a donkey, possibly with connotations of fleeing or turning away. It also describes the act of turning and fleeing.

This root primarily concerns 'speaking' and 'words' in a broad sense, encompassing divine and human discourse, as well as the physical act of wounding. It extends to concepts of completeness, divine decree, and even the physical manifestation of a wound.

This root primarily describes plumpness and fullness, particularly of the face and cheeks. It extends to describe a large, stout animal like an elephant and is also used as a proper name.

This root primarily refers to dust or earth. It is also used metaphorically in curses, akin to wishing someone to turn to dust.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being strong, firm, or enduring, possibly with connotations of being well-built or robust.

This root appears to relate to the concept of hardness, solidity, or firmness. It is used to describe something that is strong, unyielding, or robust.

This root primarily describes the act of going or moving quickly. It can also denote a state of sluggishness or procrastination in fulfilling obligations.

This root appears to describe rapid movement or going quickly. It is a less common root with limited derived forms.

This root appears to describe the act of fleeing or running away. It is used in the context of someone escaping from a situation.

This root appears to be rare and is primarily documented by Ibn al-A'rabi. It relates to severe afflictions and injuries.

This root primarily describes slowness, dullness, and lack of effectiveness, particularly in the context of battle, speech, or cutting. It can also refer to being hesitant, cowardly, or even a specific type of eggplant.

This root appears to relate to a specific physical ailment or condition affecting the shoulder. It describes a twitching or spasm of the shoulder blade.

The root لتم primarily denotes the act of striking or piercing, particularly in the neck or chest area. It can also refer to causing injury or impediment, and in a figurative sense, to striking something with one's hand. The root also encompasses proper names.

This root primarily concerns the act of covering the face, particularly the nose and mouth, with a veil or cloth. It also extends to the physical act of kissing, specifically a gentle or light kiss, and can describe objects or parts of the body that are covered or have been injured by impact.

The root لجم primarily relates to the concept of restraint, control, and obstruction, most commonly associated with the bridle or bit used to control an animal. This extends metaphorically to preventing speech, blocking passages, and even marking animals.

The root 'لحم' primarily relates to flesh, meat, and the physical body. It extends to concepts of strength, intensity, and sometimes aggression or conflict, particularly in derived verbal forms.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being wide, spacious, or expansive. It is primarily used to describe paths or roads that are broad and clear.

This root primarily describes narrow, winding valleys or ravines, often associated with watercourses. It conveys a sense of constricted or channeled passage.

The root لخم primarily relates to cutting or severing. It also extends to meanings of physical heaviness or fullness, particularly in the face, and can refer to a type of large sea creature, a specific type of fish, or a historical Arab tribe.

This root appears to describe characteristics of a camel, specifically its physical build and capacity. It focuses on the animal's large belly or internal space and its lean flanks.

The root لدم primarily denotes striking, hitting, or beating, often with a forceful impact. It extends to concepts of pushing, slapping, and even the sound of impact. Figuratively, it can refer to being foolish, heavy, or to the act of patching or mending. It also encompasses terms related to close kinship and the concept of enduring illness.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sticking to, adhering to, or being habitually attached to something, whether a place, a person, an object, or an action. It can also extend to meanings of being impressed by or fond of something.

This root primarily relates to the act of causing something to attach or adhere, particularly in the context of a young animal nursing or being fed. It extends metaphorically to imparting knowledge or arguments, and also carries a meaning related to silent contemplation.

This root pertains to the act of being harsh, insistent, or forceful towards someone. It describes an aggressive and persistent approach, often implying a lack of gentleness or kindness.

The root لطم (laṭama) primarily denotes striking, particularly on the face or cheek, often with an open hand. It extends to describe facial features, specific markings on horses, and various types of goods or markets, especially those involving perfumes and fine textiles.

This root appears to be very rare, with limited attestations. It is primarily associated with the meaning of saliva or spittle, and secondarily with the concept of not hesitating or delaying.

This root primarily concerns hesitation, delay, and slowness in action or speech. It can also imply contemplation, waiting, or being deliberate. In some contexts, it signifies a lack of delay or falsehood.

This root appears to relate to hesitation or stammering in speech. It is presented as a variant of a more common root, with a proposed sound substitution.

This root primarily relates to the act of stripping meat from bones, often with a sense of thoroughness or intensity. It can also extend to the idea of consuming or devouring something completely.

The root لغم primarily relates to the act of informing or conveying something uncertainly, and also to the saliva, foam, or moisture around the mouth, particularly of animals. It extends to the mouth and surrounding areas, and metaphorically to spreading rumors or falsehoods.

This root appears to relate to intense or excessive actions, particularly in speaking or eating. It describes a state of being forceful or voracious.

This root primarily concerns covering or veiling the mouth and nose, particularly with a veil or head covering. It describes the act of wearing such a covering and the covering itself, with variations based on the extent of the coverage.

This root primarily concerns the act of eating, swallowing, or taking food into the mouth. It extends to related concepts like the speed of eating, the act of feeding someone, and metaphorically, to filling or blocking something.

This root primarily concerns striking with the hand, often with a closed fist. It extends to describe a forceful push, a pinch, and also refers to things that are hard and strong, capable of breaking stones.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of touching, approaching, visiting, and being affected by something, often in a slight or intermittent manner. It extends to notions of madness, possession by jinn, divine influence, and the passage of time, particularly in relation to negation and expectation.

The root 'lhm' primarily relates to the concept of swallowing, consuming, or devouring. This extends to meanings of abundance, vastness, and great capacity, particularly in relation to armies, animals, and even abstract concepts like fate or divine inspiration.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a well-trodden, easy, and wide path, often implying it has been made so by frequent use. It also extends to the idea of eagerness, intense desire, or being accustomed to something, and can describe the movement of animal parts.

This root primarily concerns the concept of cutting, sharpness, and by extension, predatory or aggressive action. It describes sharp objects like swords and teeth, the act of cutting, and is metaphorically applied to thieves and the act of eating voraciously.