Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily refers to the jawbone, specifically the hinge or angle of the jaw, and by extension, the fleshy parts of the cheeks and neck. It is also used metaphorically to denote the prominent or central figures within a lineage or tribe.

This root primarily relates to the act of consuming food, particularly all of it. It also extends to a specific geographical feature: narrow valleys or ravines.

This root primarily concerns the particle 'lam' (ل) and its various functions and meanings in Arabic grammar. It explores its use in interrogatives, as a preposition with diverse meanings (for, to, until, after, upon), and as a particle of emphasis or تعقيب (following up). The entry also touches upon related particles and grammatical phenomena.

This root pertains to ointments and salves used for healing. It describes the application of soft medicinal substances to wounds and injuries.

This root primarily refers to place names, specifically villages and regions in the Yamama area of Arabia. It also has a derived meaning related to excessive eating.

This root primarily relates to sharpness, keenness, and intensity, particularly concerning weapons and physical attributes. It also extends to the concept of 'whatever' or 'anything' in conditional statements.

This root primarily concerns an interrogative expression used to inquire about someone's state, condition, or affairs. It functions as a question to understand what is happening or what someone is up to, often with a sense of surprise or concern.

This root primarily relates to concepts of illness, specifically fevers and severe conditions like delirium or plague. It also extends to descriptions of vast, barren deserts and, in a borrowed sense, to wax. Additionally, it encompasses the Arabic letter 'mim'.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sound, particularly weak, faint, or low sounds. It extends to specific animal vocalizations like those of lions, gazelles, and owls, as well as the sound of a bowstring. The root also touches upon subtle movements and, in a derived sense, a person's hidden intentions or actions.

This root primarily concerns the act of bursting forth with ugly or abusive speech. It describes someone who vehemently insults or curses another person, often using foul language.

This root appears to be related to an unknown or obscure verb form, possibly connected to speaking or uttering something negative. The primary discussion revolves around the uncertainty of its correct form and meaning, with comparisons to similar-sounding roots.

The root نجم (najm) primarily relates to the concept of emerging, appearing, or becoming visible. This applies to celestial bodies, plants, and even abstract concepts like divine revelations or debts. It also extends to specific astronomical phenomena and certain types of plants.

This root primarily concerns sounds produced with effort from the chest or throat, often associated with exertion, pain, or specific animal vocalizations. It also extends to descriptions of stinginess and names of animals and people.

This root primarily concerns the expulsion of phlegm or mucus from the chest or nose. It extends to related concepts like exhaustion, a type of nasal obstruction, and even singing or playing music.

This root primarily concerns the concept of regret, sorrow, and remorse over past actions or events. It also extends to the idea of companionship, particularly in drinking, and the notion of an enduring mark or trace.

This root primarily relates to specific types of trees and plants, particularly those used for making bows. It also extends to meanings of subtle changes, such as the beginning of spoilage in meat, the appearance of spots, or the initial stages of understanding or involvement in something. Additionally, it is associated with a metaphorical concept of ill omen, often linked to a specific perfume.

This root appears to relate to the concept of an image or idol, particularly one that is worshipped. It may also extend to the act of forming or shaping such an image.

This root appears to relate to grain, specifically wheat, in its plump and well-developed state. It describes the quality and form of the grain.

This root appears to relate to a specific anatomical feature, particularly a protuberance or indentation. It is primarily associated with a mark or depression found on a rooster's comb.

The root نعم (n-ʿ-m) primarily relates to the ostrich and its characteristics, extending metaphorically to concepts of speed, size, and appearance. It also encompasses notions of abundance, prosperity, and well-being, contrasting with hardship or misfortune. Furthermore, it denotes various physical objects and abstract concepts, including structures, paths, and states of being.

This root primarily deals with affirmation, consent, and goodness. It encompasses expressions of agreement, blessings, and positive states, extending to names and specific terms.

The root نغم primarily relates to the pleasant sound of the voice, speech, or music. It encompasses the quality of a voice, the act of singing or speaking melodiously, and also extends to subtle or hidden speech, and even a small sip of a drink.

This root appears to be related to significant misfortunes or severe injuries. The primary derived terms denote a grave calamity or a deep wound.

This root primarily concerns the state of sleep, including the act of sleeping, drowsiness, and the duration of sleep. It also extends to related concepts like being unaware, inactive, or even a state of deep rest resembling sleep.

The root 'نوم' primarily relates to sleep and its cessation, encompassing states of inactivity, rest, and death. It extends to concepts of things becoming dormant, inactive, or obsolete, such as markets, winds, fires, and even clothing or fur. The root also touches upon concepts of familiarity, trust, and a sense of belonging.

This root appears to relate to excessive or unrestrained speech. It describes a state of talking too much, often without restraint or purpose.

This root primarily concerns the breaking or chipping of teeth, specifically the incisors. It extends to the general breaking or shattering of things and also refers to a type of thorny shrub.

This root pertains to speaking in a hidden or secretive manner. It describes the act of whispering or conveying information discreetly, often between two individuals.

This root primarily relates to the concept of crushing, grinding, or breaking something into small pieces. It also extends to terms for specific natural elements like sand dunes, plants, and birds of prey, possibly through a metaphorical association with destruction or sharpness.

The root هجم (hajama) primarily denotes a sudden, forceful, or uninvited arrival or entry. This can apply to people, armies, or abstract concepts like knowledge or winter. It also extends to meanings of destruction, falling, and intense action, such as a strong wind or a horse's vigorous movement.

This root pertains to the act of urging or driving a horse forward, specifically through vocal commands. It includes terms for the command itself and the action of giving it.

The root هدم (h-d-m) primarily concerns the concept of demolition, destruction, and collapse. It extends to meanings of ruin, decay, and things that are broken down or worn out. It also encompasses related ideas like ruinous structures, worn clothing, and even the metaphorical destruction of reputation or bloodlines.

The root هذم primarily relates to the concepts of consuming, cutting, and diminishing, often with an implication of speed or thoroughness. It extends to meanings of disappearance, taking a toll, and can describe sharp objects or voracious eaters.

This root primarily concerns excessive or rapid speech, often implying a lack of clarity or coherence. It extends to rapid movement and, in a specific classical context, to abundance or expansion, and even to the cutting action of a sword.

This root primarily describes a type of fast, somewhat awkward, or striding gait. It also encompasses the act of moving quickly, particularly in a stealthy or hurried manner.

This root primarily concerns the concept of extreme old age, decrepitude, and the physical and mental decline associated with it. It also extends to meanings related to decay, damage, and certain types of plants and structures.

This root primarily describes a specific anatomical feature: the philtrum or the area around the upper lip. It also encompasses related terms for indentations or hollows.

This root primarily relates to the prominent part of the nose, specifically the bridge or the area between nostrils. It is also used as a name for a lion and, by extension, a personal name derived from it.

This root appears to be related to the concept of an old, aged woman. The primary lemma directly defines an old woman.

This root primarily describes soft, porous, or easily excavated materials, particularly rocks and mountains. It can also refer to a type of abundant flock or a weak she-camel.