Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes large, robust, and impressive entities, particularly camels. It extends to describe aged, significant individuals and also refers to something dense and soft.

The root عزم (ʿazama) primarily denotes firmness of purpose, resolve, and determination. It extends to concepts of decisiveness, commitment, and the act of resolving to do something. It also encompasses related ideas like patience, endurance, and the execution of a firm decision.

This root appears to be a variant or a misspelling of another root, possibly 'عرهم'. It is not a standard or commonly recognized root in classical Arabic lexicography. Its meaning is uncertain and requires further investigation.

This root appears to relate to concepts of lightness, swiftness, and agility. It describes a quickness of movement or a nimble quality.

The root عسطم appears to relate to the concept of mixing or blending things together. It describes the act of combining different elements into a single entity.

The root 'ʿashama' primarily relates to the concept of dryness, brittleness, and hardness. This extends to physical states like withered plants, stale bread, and elderly, frail people. It can also denote covetousness or greed, and specific types of plants and trees.

This root primarily describes a lion, emphasizing its strength, ferocity, and noble qualities. It can also be used to describe a brave and decisive man.

The root عصم (ʿaṣama) primarily denotes prevention, protection, and restraint. It extends to concepts of holding onto something, seeking refuge, and the act of being preserved or guarded. The root also encompasses physical attributes like white markings on animals.

This root primarily relates to binding, tying, and securing things with ropes or straps. It extends to concepts of acquisition, attachment, and the marks left by substances. Figuratively, it can refer to restraint, sustenance, and even the act of eating.

The root عضم primarily relates to parts of objects, particularly handles, agricultural tools, and animal tails. It also extends to descriptions of physical attributes like strength and lines in nature, and metaphorically to excessive eating.

This root primarily relates to concepts of destruction, perishing, and being ruined. It can also refer to specific types of wool or materials.

This root primarily concerns dark, obscure, or intensely colored substances, particularly plant extracts used for dyeing. It also extends to describe a dark or obscure night.

This root primarily relates to concepts of strength, abundance, and the beginning or prime of something. It describes robust animals, powerful individuals, prosperous living, and the initial stages of youth or growth.

The root عقم primarily relates to infertility, barrenness, and lack of production, extending to concepts of being cut off, sterile, or unproductive. It encompasses both literal infertility in humans and animals, and metaphorical barrenness in abstract concepts like time, speech, and actions.

The root عكم primarily relates to binding, tying, or packing things together, often in a bundle or container. It extends to concepts of holding, containing, and consolidating, as well as the physical objects used for these purposes. Metaphorically, it can signify holding back, waiting, or being firm.

This root primarily deals with specific names, particularly of a female bird and a tribal ancestor. It also touches upon the concept of remembrance and taking precautions, possibly through a poetic usage.

This root appears to be related to donkeys and their characteristics, possibly including their stubbornness or a specific type of donkey.

This root primarily concerns knowledge, awareness, and perception. It extends to signs, marks, and indications, both literal and metaphorical. It also encompasses the concept of being knowledgeable or learned, and in a specialized sense, refers to physical marks or divisions.

This root primarily concerns signs, marks, indications, and knowledge. It extends to concepts of leadership, guidance, and the vastness of creation, including the universe and its inhabitants.

This root primarily describes abundance, vastness, and intensity, often related to water, darkness, or physical size. It also extends to concepts of strength, maturity, and dense growth.

This root appears to describe a person characterized by intense eagerness, particularly in consuming food. It focuses on a greedy or voracious appetite.

This root primarily denotes extreme bitterness, particularly associated with the colocynth plant and its fruit. It extends to describe anything intensely bitter, including water, and metaphorically, a harsh or unpleasant experience.

This root primarily describes something or someone as strong, solid, stout, and large, particularly referring to camels and men. It can also denote specific parts like a camel's hump or a person's fleshy build.

This root pertains to something large and immense, particularly in the context of animals like camels. It describes a significant size and imposing presence.

This root primarily concerns the paternal uncle (عم), his relatives, and the concept of encompassing or being general. It extends to terms for headwear (عمامة), physical completeness and stature, and the idea of being widespread or inclusive.

This root primarily deals with the concept of generality, encompassing, and spreading. It extends to meanings of abundance, large groups of people, and even specific phenomena like widespread drought or the Day of Judgment. It also touches upon the idea of being intrinsic or core.

This root primarily relates to blindness, both literal and figurative. It extends to concepts of obscurity, ignorance, and lack of guidance. Additionally, it encompasses place names and personal names derived from this core meaning.

The root 'ʿnm' primarily denotes various types of trees and plants, often characterized by red or reddish colors, and sometimes by their soft or tender branches. It extends to describe things resembling these plants, such as dyed fingers, and also includes terms for certain reptiles and even a place name.

This root primarily concerns a red dye or pigment, often derived from plants or substances resembling blood. It is associated with coloring, particularly for cosmetic purposes like dyeing hair or skin, and is sometimes identified with specific plant resins or blood-like substances.

This root primarily relates to concepts of speed, swiftness, and rapid movement, often applied to animals like camels and horses. It also extends to meanings of confusion, perplexity, and intensity, and is used in place names and as a personal name.

The root عوم primarily relates to the concept of a year or a period of time, often associated with cycles of growth and dormancy. It also extends to the act of swimming and floating, and by extension, to things that move or float on water.

This root primarily concerns intense desire, particularly for milk, but extends to a strong craving for anything. It also encompasses the concepts of loss, scarcity, and the selection or choosing of the best part of something.

This root appears to be a proper noun, likely a place name or a personal name. It does not seem to have derived verbal forms or common semantic extensions in classical Arabic lexicography.

This root primarily relates to a lack of fluency or clarity in speech, often implying a foreign accent or inability to articulate properly. It also extends to meanings of thickness, intensity (like heat), and a state of being overwhelmed or in peril.

This root primarily relates to concepts of being mixed, mingled, or abundant, often with a negative connotation of being inferior or chaotic. It also extends to descriptions of hair color and specific types of food or situations.

This root primarily concerns the act of eating, often with connotations of intensity, greed, or a lack of refinement. It extends to related concepts like consuming, chewing, and even the abundance of water or pasture.

This root primarily relates to consuming, eating, and excessive quantities, particularly in measurement and water. It also extends to oaths and the act of selling goods in bulk.

The root غرم (gh-r-m) primarily concerns the concept of obligation, debt, and payment. It extends to encompass concepts of being bound, compelled, or addicted to something, as well as the idea of loss or penalty incurred.

This root appears to be related to descriptions of fine qualities, particularly in horses, and by extension, to handsome young men.

This root appears to relate to something being swollen, bloated, or perhaps a specific part of the male anatomy. The primary meaning discussed is the glans penis, with poetic usage suggesting a swollen or prominent appearance.

This root primarily denotes darkness, obscurity, and the intermingling of light and shadow, particularly during twilight or evening. It can also refer to clouds that obscure the sky.

This root primarily concerns injustice, oppression, and forceful, unthinking action. It extends to descriptions of aggressive or reckless individuals and animals, and also to the concept of something being rough or unrefined.

This root appears to describe boldness, courage, and swift, decisive action, particularly in the context of traversing difficult terrain like a desert. It conveys a sense of forward momentum and intrepidity.

This root primarily describes the characteristics of earth, soil, and places. It denotes things that are cracked, moist, fertile, or composed of soft, sticky, thick earth, and also refers to loose, plaster-like ground.

This root primarily describes vastness, abundance, and intensity, particularly related to water and the sea. It extends to concepts of large physical stature and loud, tumultuous sounds, especially those of waves.

This root primarily concerns intense sexual desire, arousal, and the state of being overcome by lust. It extends to concepts of exceeding limits, youthful vigor, and also includes specific terms for a young boy, a beautiful young woman, and even geographical locations or natural phenomena.

This root primarily concerns the upper part of the throat, specifically the larynx and its surrounding structures. It extends to meanings of taking hold of the throat, and metaphorically, to concepts of nobility, honor, and a significant number within a group.