Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root خلط (khalaṭa) primarily deals with the concept of mixing, blending, or intermingling. This extends to social interactions, relationships, and even the corruption or confusion of the mind or body. It can also refer to sexual intercourse and, metaphorically, to things that are crooked or unsteady.

This root primarily concerns plants, specifically types of trees and their fruits, often with a bitter or unpalatable taste. It also extends to the act of cooking or preparing meat, the smell and taste of liquids like milk and wine, and abstract concepts like anger, arrogance, and the turbulent nature of the sea.

This root appears to relate to distress, hardship, and scattered groups. The primary verb form describes causing distress, while derived nouns refer to large, dispersed gatherings.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a slender, flexible branch or shoot. It extends to describe a person who is slender and agile, and metaphorically, to the act of approaching someone intermittently.

This root appears to relate to the bursting or eruption of a wound or sore. It describes the process of something within a wound becoming exposed or breaking open.

This root appears to be related to confusion or mixing, particularly in speech. It describes a state of being muddled or incoherent, possibly due to the word 'خلط' (to mix) being used in its definition.

This root primarily relates to a state of anger, displeasure, or distress. It describes someone who is upset, agitated, or deeply troubled, often with a connotation of suppressed emotion or internal turmoil.

This root appears to relate to concepts of steadfastness and foolishness. The primary distinction seems to be between being firm or established, and being foolish or lacking sense.

This root primarily relates to the concept of filling something completely, particularly a container. It also extends to a severe form of strangulation, implying a complete blockage or filling of the airway.

This root primarily concerns the act of slaughtering, particularly a swift or violent killing. It extends to the concept of death itself, often personified or described as a force that causes this slaughter.

This root pertains to the act of slaughtering, specifically a swift and thorough killing. It emphasizes the manner of the act, implying a decisive and complete execution.

This root primarily describes the act of copulation or mating, particularly for birds and goats. It can also refer to the expulsion of waste or contents from an animal's body, specifically flies.

This root primarily relates to the sexual intercourse of birds and insects, specifically the act of mating. It also extends to the idea of taking something gradually or a type of small fly.

This root appears to describe something that is soft, yielding, and easily consumed or digested. It is primarily used in relation to food and its texture or ease of eating.

This root appears to relate to place names or specific locations. The derived terms are primarily nouns referring to a place.

This root describes a specific manner of walking, characterized by a swaying or shaking of the shoulders, often associated with a fleshy physique. It conveys a sense of deliberate or perhaps slightly ostentatious movement.

This root appears to relate to a state of being seated or settled, possibly with a connotation of heaviness or immobility. The derived terms describe the act or state of sitting down firmly or being settled in a place.

This root appears to be of foreign origin, specifically noted as possibly Roman (Rûmî). It is primarily associated with a term used by the people of Sham (Levant) to refer to wine, with a variation noted where the 's' sound is replaced by 'sh'.

This root primarily concerns the concept of foolishness, stupidity, and acting foolishly. It also extends to related ideas like making a mess of things, making noise, and a specific type of water residue.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to a specific place. Its semantic range is not broad and seems to be confined to geographical or locational contexts.

The root رقط (raqaṭa) primarily concerns the concept of being spotted, speckled, or mottled, often with a mixture of black and white. This applies to colors, patterns on animals, and even abstract concepts like turmoil or affliction.

This root primarily deals with the concept of finding fault or criticizing someone. It also has a secondary meaning related to a dense thicket of trees, though this usage is debated and potentially a scribal error.

This root primarily concerns groups of people, ranging from close kin to larger tribal affiliations. It also extends to numerical groupings, specific types of garments, and geographical locations. Figurative uses relate to the act of eating heartily and the burrowing habits of rodents.

This root primarily describes the act of seeking refuge, shelter, or protection, often by clinging to or hiding behind something. It conveys a sense of seeking safety or support from a particular object or place.

This root primarily relates to fine, soft, unseamed cloths or garments, often white. It also extends to the act of taking refuge or seeking shelter, and appears in place names and personal names.

This root primarily concerns the sounds and actions of a duck. It describes the duck itself, its vocalizations, and the act of making those sounds.

This root appears to describe something low, base, or contemptible. It is primarily used to denote a person of low character or status.

This root primarily deals with the viscous bodily fluids of animals, specifically mucus and saliva. It also extends to describe an aged and worn-out male camel.

This root primarily concerns the act of swallowing, particularly food. It also relates to the pronunciation variations of the word for 'road' or 'way', specifically the interchangeability of 's' and 'z' sounds in certain dialects and readings.

This root primarily refers to a dark-skinned ethnic group, often associated with India and Sindh, and their associated characteristics or origins. It also touches upon physical descriptions and specific types of clothing or people.

This root primarily relates to the act of choking or suffocating someone. It also extends to the sound of flatulence, particularly from a donkey, though this usage is noted as uncertain.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of rapid walking, though its authenticity is questioned. It is not a widely recognized or used root in classical or modern Arabic.

This root appears to relate to shortness or being small, possibly with a connotation of being stunted or underdeveloped.

This root primarily relates to the concept of crowding or congestion. It describes a state of being packed together, often in a dense or overwhelming manner.

This root appears to be related to the concept of swallowing or gulping, specifically large amounts. It also has a geographical meaning.

This root primarily relates to the act of swallowing food, particularly large mouthfuls, and by extension, to the concept of greatness or prominence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of loud, discordant noise, particularly shouting and clamor. It extends to describe the sound itself and individuals who produce it, as well as a specific object that makes noise.

This root primarily refers to a type of fine fabric, often associated with luxury and foreign origins, particularly Roman. It also extends to describe colors and patterns resembling this fabric, and in one instance, a type of plant.

The root سحط (saḥaṭa) primarily denotes the act of slaughtering or butchering, often with a sense of speed or violence. It can also extend to meanings related to choking, causing something to be swallowed with difficulty, or something slipping and falling.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of displeasure, anger, and dissatisfaction. It covers the state of being displeased or angry, as well as the act of causing displeasure or anger in another. It also extends to disliking or disapproving of something.

This root primarily concerns the act of swallowing, gulping, or consuming something, often with ease. It extends to related concepts like the throat, a gluttonous person, and metaphorically to a clear path or way.

This root primarily describes something long, tall, or extended. It is applied to camels, people, and even abstract concepts like sparse hair. It also extends to containers for liquids and the act of swallowing.

This root primarily relates to injustice, oppression, and wrongdoing. It also extends to descriptions of tallness, specifically in relation to legs.

This root primarily concerns the act of introducing something into the nose, particularly medicine, and by extension, the substances or instruments used for this purpose. It also extends to meanings related to sharp or pungent scents and intense understanding.

This root primarily concerns containers for goods, particularly women's items and perfumes. It also extends to concepts of generosity, nobility, and the state of being empty or fallen.