Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root شغر (sh-gh-r) primarily relates to the concept of lifting or raising, often in a specific context like an animal lifting a leg to urinate. It extends to meanings of emptiness, abandonment, and departure, as well as a specific type of pre-Islamic marriage and combat maneuvers. The root also encompasses notions of expansion, increase, and distance.

This root appears to relate to the jackal or wild dog, and also to the twisting or contorting of wind. It seems to be a less common root with limited derived forms.

This root appears to be primarily associated with the name of a woman, with some debate about its authenticity and meaning. It is also used poetically to describe a beautiful woman, though this usage is contested.

The root شفر primarily relates to edges, borders, and lips, extending to the eyelashes and the edges of eyelids. It also encompasses concepts of scarcity, deficiency, and a sharp cutting edge, as well as terms for specific body parts and geographical locations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of scattering, dispersing, or separating. It extends to meanings of breaking apart, becoming sparse, and in some contexts, standing erect or bristling.

The root شقر (sh-q-r) primarily relates to shades of reddish-brown and yellow, often describing the color of animals, particularly horses, and human complexion. It also extends to metaphorical uses for things that are red or vibrant, and to specific plants, places, and ailments.

This root primarily describes something or someone that is large, tall, elevated, or imposing. It extends to connotations of arrogance, pride, and haughtiness, as well as a sense of being strong or robust. It can also refer to elevated geographical features.

This root describes swiftness and energetic movement, particularly in camels and people. It conveys a sense of rapid, vigorous, and sometimes forceful progression.

This root appears to relate to concepts of narrowness, constriction, and difficulty. It is also used to denote specific geographical locations, possibly mountains or valleys.

This root primarily concerns concepts of defect, shame, disgrace, and bad reputation. It also extends to meanings of evil, wickedness, and negative character traits. Some derived terms relate to specific actions like criticizing or exposing someone, and a few unrelated meanings appear, such as generosity or a specific gait.

This root appears to be related to specific types of plants or fruits, particularly a variety of carob. It is not a widely used root in modern Arabic.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fingers or digits, particularly in the Himyaritic dialect of Yemen. It also extends to a title or name associated with the kings of Yemen, possibly meaning 'one with rings' or 'one with fingers'.

This root appears to relate to plants and negative character traits. It describes a type of plant and also terms for someone with a bad disposition or who is intensely jealous.

This root pertains to qualities of roughness, coarseness, and harshness. It describes physical textures and can extend to describe a harsh or stern demeanor.

This root primarily describes harsh, abusive speech, particularly insults directed at someone's honor. It also extends to meanings of being foolish, coarse, or ill-mannered, and metaphorically refers to the rugged edges or parts of a mountain.

This root appears to describe something excessive, foul, or offensive, particularly in speech or character. It is used to characterize a person as being excessively vulgar or depraved.

This root primarily relates to negative character traits, specifically bad disposition and ill temper. It also extends to descriptions of speed, intensity, and age in animals and people.

This root primarily concerns the concept of visibility, prominence, and renown, often associated with something becoming known or apparent. It extends to the celestial body of the moon, the measurement of time (a month), and the act of making something known or drawing attention to it, sometimes with negative connotations of notoriety or exposure.

This root primarily describes an old, large, and decrepit woman. It extends to describe something large or aged, and metaphorically, it can refer to the sound of large animals or a large quantity of something.

This root appears to relate to descriptions of people, specifically concerning shortness and unpleasant or excessive qualities. It also touches upon the concept of being foul or wicked.

This root appears to describe excessive or harsh speech, and by extension, a harsh or violent manner of action, particularly in movement or travel.

This root appears to relate to specific names or designations, particularly for days of the week in pre-Islamic Arabia. The primary derived term refers to Saturday.

This root appears to relate to the act of cutting, severing, or striking with a sharp object, often with the implication of causing significant damage or destruction. It is particularly associated with the concept of slaughtering animals or inflicting severe wounds.

The root 'صبر' (ṣ-b-r) primarily relates to the concept of holding back, restraining, or enduring. This encompasses patience in the face of hardship, self-restraint, and also the act of detaining or imprisoning someone. It extends to concepts of steadfastness, courage, and even specific actions like killing by ambush or forcing an oath.

This root primarily relates to endurance, patience, and steadfastness. It also extends to meanings of harshness, roughness, and bitterness, often associated with the land, stones, or substances.

This root primarily relates to hard, solid stones, particularly large rocks. It extends to describe places abundant with such stones, and metaphorically to things hidden or deeply situated. Derived terms also include specific plants, vessels, and sounds.

This root primarily concerns the concept of coming forth, originating, or being the source of something. It extends to the idea of a beginning, a place of origin, and also encompasses terms related to a specific time of year and a type of tree.

The root صرر (ṣrr) primarily relates to concepts of tightness, constriction, and confinement, often applied to physical spaces like animal hooves or the intestines. It also extends to meanings of restraint, avoidance (like celibacy), and specific geographical locations or types of camels.

This root primarily discusses terms related to wine, specifically its state of fermentation or freshness. It also touches upon a term for a young male goat and a grammatical note about the interchangeability of 'ص' and 'س' in certain words.

This root primarily concerns deviation, inclination, or turning away, often associated with arrogance, illness, or physical distortion. It describes a tilt in the face or neck, a stubborn refusal to engage, or a physical ailment causing such a turn. It also extends to concepts of smallness, hardness, and specific types of marks or substances.

This root primarily relates to a type of tree and a descriptor for a small head. The derived terms are quite specific and do not form a broad semantic field.

This root primarily refers to a type of herb, commonly known as thyme. It also encompasses related terms for the plant itself, its place of growth, and descriptive adjectives for a person exhibiting certain noble qualities.

This root primarily describes the rapid, scattered, and fearful flight or movement of animals, particularly camels, donkeys, and goats. It conveys a sense of sudden panic and dispersal.

This root appears to be very limited in usage, primarily referring to a specific type of container or vessel, possibly a type of cupboard or chest.

The root صغر (ṣ-gh-r) primarily denotes smallness in size, age, or quantity. It extends to concepts of insignificance, humility, and also to the opposite of greatness, encompassing both physical smallness and diminished status or power. The root also carries connotations of submission and humiliation, particularly in the context of being defeated or paying tribute.

The root صفر (ṣ-f-r) primarily relates to the color yellow, paleness, and emptiness. It extends to concepts of weakness, cowardice, and specific periods of time or seasons, particularly in relation to agriculture and weather. It also encompasses sounds and certain types of plants and animals.

The root صقر (ṣqr) primarily relates to birds of prey, particularly falcons used in hunting. It extends to concepts of intense heat, harshness, and acidity, as well as specific tools and substances derived from these ideas. The root also encompasses negative connotations like slander, deceit, and a lack of honor.

This root primarily describes a type of bitter, thick water. It also extends to the act of shouting or screaming into someone's ear.

The root صمر (ṣmr) primarily relates to gathering, withholding, and being stingy. It also extends to meanings of dryness, leanness, and unpleasant odors, particularly associated with the sea. Additionally, it encompasses concepts of stillness, resting places, and even specific plants and geographical features.

This root primarily describes intensity, strength, and sometimes negative qualities like baseness or malice. It can also refer to specific physical attributes like shortness combined with bravery, or a particular type of snake.

This root describes intense states, primarily related to sourness or heat. It is used for milk that has become intensely sour and for the sun when it is intensely hot or blazing.

This root primarily relates to small, pointed, or hooked objects, often associated with tools or parts of tools. It also extends to describe negative character traits and, in some contexts, specific plants or body parts.

This root primarily describes a solitary, isolated, or weak entity, often applied to a lone palm tree or a person lacking support. It also extends to meanings related to coldness, particularly in winter, and specific parts of a plant or water conduit.