Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to describe large, robust, or perhaps clumsy entities, specifically focusing on camels and, by extension, large or foolish men. It also has a distinct meaning related to dry, barren land.

The root صهر (ṣ-h-r) primarily relates to kinship through marriage, encompassing in-laws and relatives by marriage. It also extends to the concept of intense heat, melting, and burning, both literally and metaphorically, including the idea of being consumed by fire or heat.

This root primarily concerns the concept of form, shape, and appearance. It extends to the act of shaping or forming something, as well as the resulting image or likeness. It also encompasses related ideas like resemblance, imagination, and even physical orientation or inclination.

This root primarily relates to the concept of form, shape, and appearance. It extends to ideas of depiction, representation, and even the act of imagining or conceiving something. It also appears in place names and tribal designations.

The root صير (ṣ-y-r) primarily relates to the concept of becoming, arriving at, or turning into something. It also extends to meanings of destination, place of arrival, and in some contexts, a cutting or opening.

The root ضبر (ḍ-b-r) primarily relates to concepts of gathering, collecting, and compacting. This extends to physical actions like leaping or binding, as well as descriptions of well-built bodies, dense vegetation, and collected items like bundles of documents or groups of people.

This root describes something large, stout, and strong. It is primarily used as an adjective for powerful animals like lions and bulls, and also appears in terms for something frightening or foolish.

This root primarily concerns feelings of annoyance, impatience, and distress, often stemming from boredom or discomfort. It extends to describe a state of being constricted or narrow, and also relates to the vocalizations of animals, particularly camels, when distressed or agitated.

This root primarily relates to the concept of filling something to its utmost capacity, particularly containers like waterskins or vessels. It implies a state of being completely full, often to the point of being distended or overflowing.

The root ضرر primarily relates to harm, damage, or detriment. It extends to concepts of opposition, disagreement, and rivalry, particularly in marital contexts. It also encompasses notions of endurance, patience, and the physical aspects of animals and body parts.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of bird, likely domestic fowl, and possibly its characteristics or sounds. The primary derived term refers to chickens.

This root primarily relates to concepts of greatness, size, and physical bulk, often with negative connotations of being clumsy, useless, or ignoble. It can also refer to merchants or foolish people, and is used metaphorically for hunger.

This root appears to describe something old, ugly, and perhaps deformed or monstrous. It is primarily used to denote an aged and unsightly lizard.

The root ضمر (ḍamara) primarily relates to leanness, thinness, and emaciation, often applied to animals and humans. It also extends to concepts of hiding, concealing, and internal states, as well as specific practices in horse training and poetic meter.

This root primarily describes something or someone that is great, large, or magnificent. It is often used in the context of people, referring to someone arrogant or proud, and also in relation to camels, particularly a strong or impressive male camel.

This root pertains to arrogance, pride, and haughtiness. It describes someone who is boastful, conceited, and looks down on others. The terms often imply a strong, imposing presence associated with this proud demeanor.

This root appears to relate to geographical features, specifically the lower parts or extremities of valleys.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being stout, thick, or robust, particularly in reference to a person's physique or a solid object. It may also extend to meanings of being strong or firm.

This root primarily relates to geological features, specifically formations on mountains and rocks. It also extends to describe a type of tortoise and a water-holding depression.

This root primarily concerns the concept of harm, damage, or affliction. It extends to intense hunger, the suffering and vocalization associated with it or pain, and descriptions of weakness, insignificance, or low status.

This root primarily concerns the concept of causing harm, damage, or detriment. It extends to the idea of being affected by such harm, or conversely, not being harmed. The root also encompasses the notion of being burdened or exceeding one's capacity.

This root appears to be related to the concept of 'nothingness' or 'non-existence', specifically in the context of negation or absence of something or someone.

This root primarily relates to actions of jumping, hiding, and encountering severe difficulties or calamities. It also denotes a specific type of large, red fig and a city name.

This root primarily concerns the thick, frothy, or creamy layer that forms on milk, often resembling foam or scum. It extends to concepts of abundance, richness, and sometimes unpleasant thick substances like algae or sediment.

The root طحر (ṭaḥara) primarily relates to the forceful expulsion or ejection of something, often from the eye or a body of water. It extends to concepts of shooting arrows far, a bow's ability to shoot far, and by extension, a fast or quick movement. It can also signify a complete removal or extirpation, and in a meteorological context, the scattering of clouds.

This root primarily relates to concepts of swelling, rising, and fullness. It is used to describe physical actions like leaping or rising, the tension of a bowstring, and a state of being large-bellied. It also extends to the absence of something, specifically clouds in the sky.

This root primarily describes thin, scattered clouds, often implying a lack of substance or density. It extends metaphorically to describe dispersed people or things, and also refers to a type of horse or donkey that is spirited or well-bred.

This root appears to relate to the concept of something covering or obscuring the sky, specifically in the context of clouds or atmospheric phenomena. The derived terms describe a state of being covered or a thing that covers.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of summer plant, according to some dialects.

This root primarily relates to sexual intercourse, specifically the act of a man having intercourse with a woman. It also has a distinct, less common meaning related to judicial compulsion.

This root primarily relates to the concept of pushing or thrusting, often with force. It also has a distinct meaning referring to a specific type of bird.

This root primarily denotes the concept of leaping or jumping, often with an upward or over-reaching motion. It extends to describe a sudden jump, a leap over an obstacle, and even a specific physical condition or defect related to riding.

The root طمر (ṭamara) primarily relates to the concept of burying, hiding, or concealing something. It extends to meanings of covering, engulfing, and also encompasses actions like leaping, running, and disappearing. The root also denotes elevated or low places, and can refer to a swift or well-built horse.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fullness, abundance, and being large or capacious. It is used to describe the sky being full of clouds, a container being full, and even a person with a large stomach. It also extends to the idea of something being completely empty or devoid of something.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fullness, particularly in the context of drinking to satiety. It also extends to describing something large or a large animal, specifically a camel.

This root primarily concerns a specific musical instrument, the tanbur, which is of Persian origin and has been adopted into Arabic. The entry explains its etymology and usage.

This root describes the act of eating rich, fatty foods to the point of feeling heavy or sluggish. It specifically refers to overindulgence in such foods, leading to a physical sensation of being weighed down.

The root 'طور' primarily relates to states, conditions, times, and transitions. It encompasses the idea of change, alternation, and different phases or circumstances. It also extends to concepts of boundaries, limits, and proximity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of birds and flight, but extends metaphorically to omens, bad luck, and rapid movement or dispersion. It also encompasses terms related to speed, scattering, and even specific geographical locations.

This root primarily concerns stones, particularly sharp or shaped stones used as tools or markers. It extends to the act of cutting with such stones and places characterized by abundant stones.