Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the concept of breaking or fracturing something. It also has a specific application referring to cauterizers, possibly derived from the idea of 'breaking' or burning the skin.

The root 'hashama' (هشم) primarily denotes the act of breaking, crushing, or shattering, particularly brittle or dry objects like bones, skulls, or dry plants. It extends to concepts of severe injury, the state of being broken and dry, and metaphorically, generosity and weakness.

This root primarily denotes the concept of breaking, crushing, or shattering. It is often associated with intense strength, power, and ferocity, particularly when describing animals like lions or strong men. It can also refer to specific objects or names derived from this core meaning.

This root primarily relates to the concept of breaking or crushing, often with a sense of force. It extends to the idea of rapid digestion, implying a breaking down of food.

This root primarily relates to intense hunger, excessive eating, and the act of consuming large amounts of food. It also extends to descriptions of the sea, its sounds, and large, deep bodies of water. Additionally, it describes tall creatures and the sounds associated with swallowing or the sea's agitation.

This root primarily relates to intrusive, aggressive, or mocking behavior, often involving verbal abuse, mockery, or overstepping boundaries. It also extends to meanings of arrogance, rushing into things, and even physical actions like collapsing or digging.

This root appears to describe something thick, coarse, and rough, often associated with age or the passage of time. It can refer to a coarse substance, an old person, or the effects of time.

This root primarily describes excessive eating and large, imposing figures. It extends to concepts of swallowing, powerful individuals like leaders or lions, and physically large entities such as horses or wide mouths.

This root primarily relates to the concept of intention, will, and resolve. It also extends to the idea of concern, care, and the mental effort involved in pursuing something. In some contexts, it can refer to the act of aiming or aspiring towards a goal.

This root primarily concerns a type of date, but extends to encompass various forms of soft, indistinct, or hidden speech, as well as a type of charm or amulet used by women.

This root pertains to the concept of being well-proportioned, well-formed, and aesthetically pleasing in appearance. It describes something that is handsome, elegant, and finely crafted, often with a sense of neatness and order.

This root primarily concerns light sleep, drowsiness, and the state of being sleepy. It also extends to the concept of the head, particularly its upper part, and in a more abstract sense, the essence or leader of something. Metaphorically, it can refer to death or a state of ruin.

The root H-Y-M primarily relates to wandering, being lost, or acting erratically, often due to intense emotions like love or thirst, or due to illness. It extends to concepts of confusion, intense desire, and specific ailments affecting animals, particularly camels.

This root primarily concerns agreement, conformity, and accord. It extends to following someone's example, matching behavior, and even implies a sense of mutual reliance for survival. Some derived terms also relate to physical characteristics or specific tribal/ethnic groups.

This root appears to relate to the concept of intense or rapid movement, specifically in the context of walking or traveling.

The root 'wathama' primarily relates to striking, breaking, and crushing. It extends to concepts of impacting the ground, damaging something, and can also refer to dense vegetation or a type of stone.

This root primarily concerns states of silence, often stemming from intense emotion like grief, anger, or worry. It also extends to meanings related to dislike, physical actions like nudging, and descriptions of objects or places, including small mounds of stones and specific locations.

This root primarily concerns the intense cravings of a pregnant woman, known as 'waham'. It extends to any strong desire or longing for something specific, and metaphorically to someone who desires everything indiscriminately. It also has a secondary meaning related to animals becoming stubborn during pregnancy or heat.

This root primarily deals with concepts of heaviness, burden, and unpleasantness, often related to physical sensations like indigestion or the feeling of a place being unhealthy. It extends to metaphorical heaviness in character or consequences.

The root ورم (w-r-m) primarily denotes swelling, inflation, and tumefaction. It extends metaphorically to feelings of anger, pride, and arrogance, and also describes plants growing tall and robust.

This root appears to relate to fullness, abundance, and perhaps a sense of being well-watered or lush. It is primarily used in classical poetry to describe a state of being replete or overflowing.

The root 'wzm' primarily relates to biting, contracting, gathering, and accumulating. It extends to concepts of eating, meat, and even the timely occurrence of events. The root also encompasses ideas of physical bulk and the act of pressing or treading.

The root 'w-sh-m' primarily relates to marking, tattooing, and imprinting. It extends to visual signs, patterns, and the initial appearance of things like plants or lightning, as well as metaphorical concepts of speech and animosity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of placing or laying something down, often for a specific purpose like preparing food or resting. It extends to related ideas of gathering, proximity, and even metaphorical meanings of vulnerability or oppression.

This root primarily relates to the act of lowering, drawing down, or letting something hang. It also has a specific, less common meaning related to holding back bodily waste.

This root appears to relate to the concept of suspicion, accusation, or blame. It is used to describe something that is suspected or a source of accusation.

This root primarily relates to greetings and well-wishes, specifically the phrase 'wa'am sabahan' meaning 'have a good morning'. It also touches upon the idea of something being abundant or overflowing, like the sea with its foam, and a geological feature.

The root 'waqama' primarily relates to pulling or restraining, particularly the reins of an animal. It extends to meanings of humiliation, harsh rejection, and intense sadness. It also encompasses concepts of treading down, destruction, and even specific places or objects.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of being hindered, distressed, and grieved. It also extends to the idea of land being overgrazed or depleted, and a state of intense anger or a spaciousness.

This root primarily relates to fastening, binding, and gathering. It extends to the concept of a feast or banquet, stemming from the idea of people gathering for a meal. It also encompasses terms for a strap or rope used for securing things, and figuratively, for completeness or a wise person.

This root primarily concerns the excrement of flies, specifically their droppings. It also extends to the act of defecation by flies and, metaphorically, to the act of writing or marking.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of imagination, delusion, error, and oversight. It extends to the act of thinking, perceiving, and the mental state of being mistaken or forgetting. It also encompasses related ideas like suspicion and the physical path or a large animal.

This root appears to relate to concepts of agreement, accord, and potentially suspicion or accusation. The derived terms suggest a connection between mutual understanding and the idea of being implicated or suspected.

The root 'يتم' primarily concerns the state of being alone or lacking a parent, particularly a father in humans. It extends to the concept of being unique or singular, and metaphorically to weakness or being neglected. The root also encompasses related ideas of slowness, delay, and need.

This root primarily discusses the plant 'jasmine', its Persian origin, and variations in its Arabic name and grammatical treatment. It also includes a secondary meaning related to a specific mountain name and its derivatives.

This root primarily relates to movement, specifically a lack of it or a very slight, almost imperceptible motion. It also encompasses a specific term for a time measurement in Yemen.

This root primarily concerns the sea, large bodies of water, and related concepts like drowning and covering. It also extends to a specific bird, a type of dove, and a place name associated with a legendary woman known for her sharp eyesight.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of herb or plant, known for its beneficial properties for livestock, particularly regarding milk production and fattening. It also describes the plant's physical characteristics and its use in figurative language.

This root primarily describes vast, desolate, and impassable terrains, often characterized by a lack of water, landmarks, or paths. It extends to concepts of being lost, blind, or lacking understanding, and can also refer to formidable and unyielding individuals or natural forces.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a 'day' in its various temporal and metaphorical senses. It extends to encompass periods of time, significant events, and even specific historical occurrences or divine interventions. The root also touches upon the idea of 'time' or 'duration' in a broader sense.

This root primarily concerns accusation, blame, and finding fault. It extends to concepts of suspicion, defect, and criticism, often in a negative context. It also encompasses related ideas like mourning, remembrance after death, and the passage of time.

This root primarily concerns the female donkey (أتان) and its characteristics, extending to related concepts like stubbornness or solidity. It also encompasses terms for specific geological formations, particularly rocks in water, and actions related to anger and steadfastness.

This root primarily relates to plants, specifically trees and their growth. It denotes areas where certain trees like the *talh* and *athal* grow, as well as the trees themselves. It can also refer to something deeply rooted or authentic.