Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of water becoming stagnant, corrupted, or changed in its properties, particularly its taste, color, or smell. It also extends to related concepts like containers for liquids and tools used for cleaning or pounding.

This root pertains to deep-seated feelings of hatred, malice, and resentment held within the chest. It describes the state of harboring grudges and the act of feeling or causing such animosity.

This root appears to relate to types of garments, specifically striped or patterned clothing, and also to types of bows or quivers. Some sources also associate it with soft, dark garments worn by Christians.

This root primarily describes shortness and being stunted, particularly in physical stature and neck length. It extends to describe small, short-necked birds and a person who is excessively short.

This root primarily relates to the concept of announcing, permitting, or giving permission, often through a vocalization or proclamation. It also extends to meanings of desire, appetite, and the process of drying or withering, particularly in vegetation.

This root primarily denotes activity, liveliness, and sometimes exuberance or recklessness. It extends to concepts of pursuit, especially in the context of animals, and also encompasses terms related to death and burial, as well as specific plants and substances.

This root primarily relates to spears, specifically those attributed to a historical Yemeni king. It also touches upon the concept of being well-proportioned or balanced, though this is less emphasized in the provided text.

This root primarily relates to substances used for cleansing or perfuming, specifically a white, powdery aromatic substance and a plant used for washing. It also touches upon a term for a companion at a meal.

This root appears to relate to places, specifically locations or tracts of land. The primary derived word discussed is a place name, with variations in its orthography.

This root appears to relate to places and potentially leadership or prominence, particularly in a foreign context. The primary derived terms refer to a location and a foreign leader.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a place or location, often a specific type of elevated ground or a dwelling.

The root 'ءفن' primarily relates to the concept of milking a ewe or camel at an improper time, leading to depletion or spoiling. This extends metaphorically to a lack of intellect, poor judgment, or deficiency in general.

This root primarily concerns cavities, holes, and nests, particularly those found in mountains or rocky terrain. It extends to the act of hunting birds from these locations and the construction of dwellings from stone.

This root pertains to the concept of being gathered, collected, or clustered together. It describes a state of being compressed or amassed, often implying a lack of stability or a tendency to disperse.

This root appears to relate to softness, gentleness, and possibly a place name. The primary focus in this entry is on the geographical location of 'Alyūn, a city in ancient Egypt, later renamed Fustat by the Muslims. It also mentions another city named 'Albūn in Yemen.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of safety, security, trust, and belief. It extends to the act of believing, being safe, and ensuring the safety of others. It also encompasses the idea of trustworthiness and reliability, often associated with divine attributes or actions.

This root primarily concerns sounds of distress, pain, or complaint, often expressed as groaning or moaning. It extends to concepts of being prone to something, indicating a sign or omen, and also relates to specific birds and grammatical particles.

This root entry discusses a specific type of garment, likely a coarse woolen cloak or blanket, and its origin. It focuses on a particular item mentioned in a Hadith, detailing its characteristics and etymology.

This root primarily relates to the concept of waiting or expecting someone or something. It often implies a period of anticipation or delay before an event occurs or a person arrives.

This root primarily deals with the stem or stalk of a fruit, specifically the cluster of dates or grapes. It also extends to the concept of a stalk or stem in a more general sense, and metaphorically to something that is weak or frail.

This root primarily concerns the concept of time, specifically the arrival or nearing of a specific moment. It also extends to the idea of exhaustion or fatigue.

This root primarily concerns the concept of location and questioning about it, evolving into the interrogative particle 'where'. It also extends to terms for specific types of snakes, animals, and even a type of tree and a place name.

This root appears to be related to the concept of unity, oneness, or a single entity. It is discussed in the context of unifying people or making them equal. There is also a mention of celestial bodies and navigational stars.

This root primarily relates to soft, yielding, and fertile land, often sandy or plain. It extends to concepts of gentleness, softness, and pleasantness, and is used metaphorically for prosperity and ease. It also appears in place names and as a descriptor for certain types of grain and dairy products.

This root primarily relates to specific types of palm trees and things associated with them, such as whips. It also extends to descriptions of terrain like sand dunes, and physical characteristics like a large belly, as well as large containers and a type of date.

This root primarily relates to the concept of stretching out, extending, or becoming long. It is used to describe physical elongation, such as a tall man or a camel stretching, and can also metaphorically refer to the extension of time or a period of the day.

This root appears to be related to a specific feminine name, 'Bakhdan', and also describes a woman as being soft and tender.

This root primarily concerns the physical body, its size, and its state of being. It extends to concepts of corpulence, aging, and the physical substance of things. It also encompasses specific terms for sacrificial animals and types of armor.

This root appears to relate to a specific, perhaps archaic, concept of being protected or shielded from evil. It describes a state of being fortified or made resilient against harm, possibly through divine intervention or a specific condition.

This root appears to be related to the concept of a messenger or envoy, particularly one associated with a specific historical figure or context. The primary derived term refers to a messenger who served a particular ruler or authority.

This root primarily discusses a specific type of date, known for its quality and appearance. It also extends to related terms for containers and a place name, with some etymological discussion.

This root primarily concerns the claw or paw of a predator, particularly a lion. It extends to describe the entire foot with digits and is metaphorically used for human fingers or the strength and power of a tribe. It also appears as a proper noun for a tribe and a place name.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of horse, a mule or a sturdy, non-Arabian horse. It also extends to describe a slow, heavy, or hesitant gait, and by extension, a state of being slow to respond or unable to answer.

This root primarily discusses a specific type of vessel or container, often made from palm spathe, used for drinking or carrying liquids. It also touches upon the origin and etymology of the term.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of black cloth or covering. The primary discussion revolves around the correct term for such an item.

This root primarily concerns the concept of proof, evidence, and clear demonstration. It signifies bringing forth a conclusive argument or a clear sign that establishes truth and refutes falsehood. The root also extends to a specific term for learned individuals in certain traditions.

This root primarily deals with concepts related to containers, basins, and fastenings, often with a sense of being hollow or encompassing. It also extends to descriptions of fine fabrics and, metaphorically, to the looseness or slackness of something.

This root primarily relates to coarse, thick garments or coverings, often made from flax. It also extends to tools or equipment associated with crafts and agriculture, and a place name in the Levant.

This root appears to relate to names of months and potentially to the gleam or shine of weapons, though the connection is not fully elaborated. It primarily discusses a pre-Islamic month name and its variations.

This root primarily relates to the concept of 'inside' or 'interior', extending to the belly, inner lining, and hidden aspects. It also encompasses concepts of fullness, abundance, and deep penetration.

This root appears to describe something thick, dense, or solid, particularly in the context of ground or earth. It conveys a sense of unyielding or difficult passage.